Evaluation of Ensiled Brewer's Grain in the Diet of Piglets by One Way Multiple Analysis of Variance, MANOVA

The basic purpose of feeding trials is to find the optimum level of feed ingredients which give the highest economical returns to the farmers. This can be achieved through estimation and comparison of means of different rations. The example we have is a study of incorporation of different levels of ensiled brewers grains in the diet of 24 hybrids weaned piglets from Landrace x Duroc x Berkshire x Large White. They were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates of two piglets per pen. They were fed 0, 10, 20, 30% incorporation of ensiled brewer's grains on dry matter basis during post-weaning period followed by 0, 30, 40 and 50% during growing period and 0, 50, 60 and 70% during finishing period. We have one explanatory variable: initial weight, and four post treatment outcome variables recorded per piglets: final weight, dry matter consumption, weight gain and index of consumption. Comparing of several multivariate treatment means model design analysis is adapted. We obtain the MANOVA (Multiple Analyse of Variance) table of each phase, where the treatment differences exist by using Wilk's lambda distribution, and we find the treatment effect by using a confidence interval method of MANOVA. This model has the advantage of computing the responses of all variables in the matrix of sum of squares and more precisely in separation of the different means percentage of Ensiled Brewer's grain

Pesticides use in cocoa sector in Cameroon: characterization of supply source, nature of actives ingredients, fashion and reasons for their utilization

The chemical control is the widely control method applied in Cameroon for pests and diseases by all the cocoa producers without technical suitable assistance by the State as before 1980’S. However, it is known that farmers have less knowledge on the good pesticides use for the control of a specific pest. The objective of this study was to provide insight in current pesticide use in the cocoa sector in Cameroon. A stratified sampling scheme was used. A total of 251 cocoa farmers, 20 post-harvest cocoa traders and 37 chemical retailers were randomly selected and interviewed. The study showed that 35 different chemicals were marketed in Cameroon for use in cocoa: 4 herbicides, 11 fungicides and 20 insecticides. Of 251 farmers consulted, 96.8% said that they use pesticides on their farms while 3.2% did not. Fungicides were used most often by farmers 61.8%) followed by insecticides (38.2%). Eight active ingredients although, officially banned, were still being used on cocoa farms. Over 77% of farmers do not respect the official spray recommendations for chemicals. Moreover, 64% do not respect recommended doses. Two main pesticide-supply-pathways exist in Cameroon: a legal and illegal supply chain, which provides 51% of pesticides to cocoa farmers, resulting in an estimated loss of value added tax for the Cameroonian government of about 550 000 to 2.4 million Euros per year. These results suggest that improved pests and diseases control by the State and raising farmer awareness about pesticide use in cocoa could greatly attribute to more sustainable cocoa economy in Cameroon.Keywords : Cocoa, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, Cameroon

Socio-economic Benefits of Non-timber Forest Products to the AFCOE2M Communities of Southern Cameroon

A study was carried out in the community forest of Ebo, Medjounou and Mbamesoban communities (AFCOE2M) in the South Region of Cameroon to evaluate the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the people’s livelihood. The study identifies the various NTFPs used and further evaluates their socio-economic and cultural contributions in sustaining the livelihood of the AFCOE2M community. Essentially, the study assesses the exploitation and utilization of NTFPs. One Hundred and twenty five (125) individuals were randomly selected in the three villages that make up the AFCOE2M community forest. Fifty two (52) species of NTFPs of plant origin were identified, from which seven (7) were frequently used in all the three villages namely; Irvingia gabonensis, Trichoscypha acuminata, Alstonia boonei, Garcinia kola, Piper guineense, Picralima nitida, and Ricinodendron heudelotii. Results reveal that NTFPs plant parts used for consumption consist of 68% fruits, 20% seeds, 5% barks, 4% roots and 3% leaves. NTFPs used for medicinal purposes comprised of 70% barks, 16% seeds, 7% leaves, 5% fruits and 2% roots. There was a significant difference (P = 0.049) in the number of NTFP types consumed as food while that was not the case for medicinal NTFPs (P = 0.86). There was a significant difference in the number of NTFP species used for food originating from different land use types (P-value = 0.048) as well as between those used for medicinal purposes (P-value = 0.012)

EVALUATION NATURELLE DE L\u2019IMPACT DE BEAUVERIA BASSIANA : CHAMPIGNON ENTHOMOPATHOG\uc9NE DANS LA DYNAMIQUE DE POPULATION DE HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI , SCOLYTE DE BAIES DES CERISES DE COFFEA CANEFORA COFFEA CANEFORA

A study of finding out natural enemies of the coffee cherry borer beetle Coffea canephora , Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) was carried out at two ecologically different sites of Cameroon: Nkoemvone in the South region of the country and Nkolbisson around Yaound\ue9 in the central region. For six months, 500 berries were randomly collected monthly at each site. The presence of entomopathogenic fungus was observed on berries infested by the borer beetle. Rates of borer insect mortality due to Bauveria bassiana at Nkoemvone are: 70.6% in August, 64.6% in September, 32% in October, 43.2% in November, 39.2% in December and very low in January (8.6%). On the other hand, these rates at Nkolbisson are: 42.6% in October, 10% in November, 3.4% in December, 2.6% in January, 1.4% in February and 0% in March. From these observations, it was possible to carry out a research on the pathogenicity tests through its natural presence and on artificial-infection trials of the borer beetle with this fungus in order to protect better the coffee grains with a biological product.Une \ue9tude de recherche des ennemis naturels contre le scolyte des cerises de caf\ue9ier Coffea canephora , Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), a \ue9t\ue9 men\ue9e dans deux sites au Cameroun : Nkoemvone une r\ue9gion du Sud du pays et Nkolbisson pr\ue8s de Yaound\ue9, une r\ue9gion du centre. Pendant six mois, 500 baies \ue9taient mensuellement pr\ue9lev\ue9es de mani\ue8re al\ue9atoire dans chaque site. La pr\ue9sence du champignon entomopathog\ue8nes a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9e sur les baies attaqu\ue9es par les scolytes. Les taux de mortalit\ue9 du scolyte due \ue0 Bauveria bassiana \ue0 Nkoemvone sont de 70,6 en ao\ufbt, 64,6% en septembre, 32% en octobre, 43,2% en Novembre, 39,2% en d\ue9cembre et tr\ue8s faible en janvier (8,6%). Par contre ce taux \ue0 Nkolbisson est de 42,6% en octobre, 10% en Novembre, 3,4% en d\ue9cembre, 2,6%en janvier, 1,4% en f\ue9vrier et 0% en Mars. A partir de ces observations, il a \ue9t\ue9 possible de proposer par sa pr\ue9sence naturel une cherche sur le test de pathogenicit\ue9 et des essais d\u2019infection artificielle du scolyte avec ce champignon \ue0 fin mieux prot\ue9ger les grains de caf\ue9ier avec un produit biologique