Epidemiological Patterns of Road Traffic Crashes During the Last Two Decades in Iran: A Review of the Literature from 1996 to 2014

Context: Despite considerable attention given to health statistics of road traffic crashes (RTCs), the epidemiological aspects of injuries resulting from RTCs are not fully understood in Iran and other developing countries. The aim of this review was to study the epidemiological pattern and issues arising due to RTCs in Iran. Evidence Acquisition: The scope of this study involves data from a broad range of published literature on RTCs in Iran. Data collection for this study was conducted by searching for keywords such as traffic accidents, traffic crashes, motorcycle accidents, motorcycle crashes, motorcycle injury, motor vehicle injury, motor vehicle crashes and motor vehicle accidents, Iran and Iranian in various databases such as Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, Iranian scientific information database (SID) and IranMedex. Results: This study comprised of 95 articles. It is evident from this review that a large number of severe RTCs occur due to collision of two or more vehicles and most of the victims are males aged between 30 and 39 years. Male pedestrian, drivers and passengers are more likely to be severely injured in comparison to females. One of the most prevalent causes of death among adults involved in the RTCs are head injuries and the majority of deaths occur prior to hospitalization. Mortality rates for RTCs are higher in summer, especially during midnight among all age groups. The most common individual and environmental risk factors associated with RTCs include lack of attention, getting trapped in the car, listening to music, fatigue and sleepiness, duration and distance and negligence of seatbelt usage while driving. Conclusions: The findings of the current study will be beneficial in prevention of RTCs and its associated complications and hence will be vital for policy makers, health service managers and stakeholders

Karakteristik Kandungan KIO3 pada Garam Konsumsi Beryodium yang Beredar di Kota Blitar

Garam Konsumsi Beryodium merupakan produk yang dikonsumsi masyarakat, KIO3merupakan fortifikasi yang ditambahkan ke dalam garam konsumsi beryodium Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Iodium (GAKI) dapat dicegah dengan mengkonsumsi garam dapur yang mengandung iodium ke dalam tubuh. . Garam harus memenuhi persyaratan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) dengan kadar kalium iodat (KIO3) 30 ppm. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi dan menetapkan kadar kalium iodat dalam garam dapur yang beredar di pasar Kota Blitar . Sampel yaitu semua garam bermerek (50 sampel) dan di uji sesuai SNI 3556 : 2010. Dari 50 sampel terdapat 28 merk garam yang kadar KIO3 nya di bawah syarat mutu dan 6 merk garam tidakmengandung KIO3 tidak memenuhi syarat

Isolasi Zat Warna Alami Dari Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Maschata) Dan Penerapannya Untuk Pewarna Makanan

Telah dilakukan Penelitian tentang : Isolasi Zat Warna Alami Dari Labu Dan Penerapannya Untuk Pewarna Makanan . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengekstraksi zat warna karotenoid ( zat warna alami ) dari labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) dan penerapanya untuk pewarna makanandengan menggunakan pelarut Ethyl Asetat. Ekstrak zat warna yang diperoleh diamati karakteristiknya terhadap pengaruh lama pemanasan, suhu pemanasan, suhu penyimpanan, lama penyimpanan pada suhu dingin selama 5 hari dan penerapannya untuk pewarna sirup.Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa zat warna hasil ekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut ethyl asetat mempunyai absorbansi maksimum 0,5059 dan rendemen 2,353 %.Karakterisasi zat warna hasil ekstraksi : Pengaruh lama pemanasan pada suhu 100 oC selama 1 jam absorbansinya 0,355, pemanasan pada suhu 100 oC selama 2 jam absorbansinya 0,283, Pengaruh penyimpanan pada suhu 30 oC selama 1 jam absorbansinya 0,378, penyimpanan pada suhu 30o C selama 2 jam absorbansinya 0,346. Sedang penyimpanan pada lemari es selama 5 hari, hari pertama penyimpanan absorbansinya 0,3112, sdang pada hari kelima penyimpanan absorbansiny turun menjadi 0,2264. Penggunaan zat warna hasil ekstraksi pada sirup secara visual menunjukkan warna kuning cerah pada penyimpanan pada suhu kamar dan pada suhu dingin ( lemari es

Irrational parenthood cognitions and health-related quality of life among infertile women

Zahra Fardiazar,1 Louiz Amanati,2 Saber Azami31Women’s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 2Faculty of Medicine, Hacttepe University, Ankara, Turkey; 3Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranBackground: The aim of this study was to assess health-related quality of life, irrational parenthood cognitions, and their interrelationship among a group of Iranian women referred to an infertility center in Tehran, the capital of Iran.Materials and methods: Women who visited the infertility center in Imam Khomeini University Hospital in Tehran participated in this cross-sectional study. Each participant filled out a two-part questionnaire. The first part included background questions, and the second part included inventories developed to assess quality of life and irrational parenthood cognition among infertile subjects.Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.8 years (standard deviation, 5.1). Mean standardized quality of life score was 59.4 out of a maximum of 100 (95% confidence interval, 56–62.8). No statistically significant linear correlation was found between quality of life and age, length of marriage, or the time under treatment. There was a weak reverse correlation between length of the time attempting to become pregnant and quality of life (r = -0.25; P < 0.01). There was a strong reverse correlation between irrational parenthood cognitions and quality of life (r = -0.64; P < 0.00). Multivariate regression analysis found several variables to be independent predictors of quality of life score. These included having higher levels of irrational parenthood cognitions, being under high social pressure imposed by relatives, and having spent a long time attempting to become pregnant.Conclusion: Knowing about the predictors of low quality of life (including high-level irrational parenthood cognitions, social pressure from relatives, and spending a long time attempting to become pregnant) is assumed to help physicians in identifying the infertile women who are at higher risk of developing a poor health over their infertility experience.Keywords: infertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART), quality of life, irrational parenthood cognitions, Ira

Quality of life and influencing factors among infertile women

Introduction:Various individual, social, economic factors along with irrational parenthood cognitions may have negative effects on quality of life of infertile women. The aim of this study was to investigate quality of life and related influencing factors among infertile women referring to Vali-e-asr fertility research center, Tehran, Iran. Methods: 147 infertile women referred to Vali-e-asr fertility research center affiliated to Tehran university of medical sciences, enrolled in such cross-sectional study. Data were gathered by three specific questionnaires of demographic characteristics, infertility-specified quality of life and irrational parenthood cognitions. Results: 48.3 of studied women had good quality of life, whereas 36.1 had moderate and 15.6 had poor conditions in their quality of lives. Mean ± SD of quality of life scores was 1.62 ± 0.83. Data revealed statistically significant correlations between quality of life and perceived pressures (p=0.001), strong desire for having a child (p<0.001), economic burden of treatment (p<0.001), individual-oriented economic assessment (p=0.001) and level of irrational parenthood cognitions (p<0.001). Conclusion: Quality of life of infertile women in this study is influenced by either level of irrational parenthood cognition, economic burden of treatment or perceived pressures. Identifying highly vulnerable sub-groups in the context of their quality of lives will provide more appropriate counseling conditions. Precise consultation with and perpetual support from infertile women aiming to improve their quality of lives, seem of indisputable necessity. We suggest further studies comparing fertile and infertile women within their quality of lives

Uterine leiomyoma and its association with menstrual pattern and history of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate injections

L Amanti2, H Sadeghi-Bazargani1, H Abdollahi2, F Ehdaeivand31Statistics and Epidemiology Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 2Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 3Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IranBackground and aim: Despite the high prevalence of uterine leiomyoma, according to recent review studies there is uncertainty and a paucity of information regarding its predisposing or protective factors. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association between menstrual cycle pattern and occurrence of surgically treated myomas and also to check if depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injection earlier in reproductive life can affect the later occurrence of myomas needing surgical treatment.Methods: In a case&amp;ndash;control study in Ardabil, 85 women with definite diagnosis of surgically treated uterine leiomyoma and 154 community controls were enrolled. Possible predictors of myoma including menstrual cycle and menstrual bleeding patterns were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (SPSS, IBM, Somers, NY). Odds ratios were used as the main statistic in assessing the strength of observed associations.Results: Mean age of the participants was 41.8 &amp;plusmn; 8.5 years. Length of menstrual cycle was associated with myoma and a higher likelihood of myoma was observed among those having shorter menstrual cycles (P&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt; 0.05). Number of menstrual bleeding days was also associated with surgically treated myoma and longer bleeding periods increased the likelihood of myoma (P&amp;nbsp;&amp;lt; 0.05). Only one of the eight women who had a history of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate injections had developed surgically treated uterine leiomyoma and the others belonged to the control group without a history of surgical treatment for uterine leiomyoma.Conclusion: Menstrual cycle pattern is associated with developing leiomyomas requiring surgical treatment. DMPA, other than its role in myoma treatment, is also assumed to have a role in preventing myomas, but due to the small sample size in this study, larger scale prospective trials are needed in the future.Keywords: myoma, uterine leiomyoma, DMPA, medroxyprogesterone, menstrual cycle, menstrual, depo-prover

Low-dose oral contraceptive to re-induce menstrual bleeding in amenorrheic women on DMPA treatment: A randomized clinical trial

Background: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), a long-acting contraceptive, has many advantages over other hormonal contraceptives. However, its major discontinuance reason is bleeding disorders. Our aim was to study bleeding complications of DMPA when used as a contraceptive in the Ardabil district and a clinical trial of low-dose oral contraceptive (LD-OC) pills in controlling these complications. Material/Methods: All 917 women referred to Ardabil's health centers to have a DMPA injection for the first time were entered into a longitudinal study. Those complaining of menstrual cessation were entered into a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Data were collected by means of nine questionnaires, seven of which were used for descriptive purposes and two for clinical trial study. The data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package. Results: Those DMPA users with a cesarean section history had a higher chance of bleeding complications. Four hundred forty-four of the 917 women receiving the injection discontinued using it before the end of the study period. The main reason for discontinuation (in 70) was irregular menstrual bleedings and menstrual cessation. In the clinical trial of women with bleeding cessation, 70 of those receiving the LD-OC pill experienced menstrual bleedings again, compared with only 22.7 in the placebo group. The discontinuation rate in the drug group was lower than in the placebo group as well (p<0.05). Conclusions: Treating the menstrual cessation caused by DMPA with LD-OC improves the bleeding pattern and decreases the discontinuation rate. © Med Sci Monit, 2006