Yeast Gup1(2) proteins are homologues of the Hedgehog Morphogens Acyltransferases HHAT(L): facts and implications

In multiple tissues, the Hedgehog secreted morphogen activates in the receiving cells a pathway involved in cell fate, proliferation and differentiation in the receiving cells. This pathway is particularly important during embryogenesis. The protein HHAT (Hedgehog O-acyltransferase) modifies Hh morphogens prior to their secretion, while HHATL (Hh O-acyltransferase-like) negatively regulates the pathway. HHAT and HHATL are homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gup2 and Gup1, respectively. In yeast, Gup1 is associated with a high number and diversity of biological functions, namely polarity establishment, secretory/endocytic pathway functionality, vacuole morphology and wall and membrane composition, structure and maintenance. Phenotypes underlying death, morphogenesis and differentiation are also included. Paracrine signalling, like the one promoted by the Hh pathway, has not been shown to occur in microbial communities, despite the fact that large aggregates of cells like biofilms or colonies behave as proto-tissues. Instead, these have been suggested to sense the population density through the secretion of quorum-sensing chemicals. This review focuses on Gup1/HHATL and Gup2/HHAT proteins. We review the functions and physiology associated with these proteins in yeasts and higher eukaryotes. We suggest standardisation of the presently chaotic Gup-related nomenclature, which includes KIAA117, c3orf3, RASP, Skinny, Sightless and Central Missing, in order to avoid the disclosure of otherwise unnoticed information.This work was supported by the strategic Programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and by the ERDF through the COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao (POCI); and by Marie Curie Initial Training Network GLYCOPHARM (PITN-GA-2012-317297). Giulia Cazzanelli is PhD grantee from GLYCOPhARM. Joana Tulha is PhD grantee SFRH/BPD/54/2015. We thank Fabio Faria-Oliveira presently a post-doc at the University of Goteborg, Sweden, for critical reading of the manuscript, and Pedro Ferraz, PhD student from our group at CBMA for all the text corrections and kind availabitity and support.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ケンチク ニ オケル モケイ ノ イチヅケ : テーマ パーク トシ キンダイ ケンチク ウンドウ

　本稿は，第一に日本の野外博物館とその収集によって，本来の敷地という文脈を複数つなぎ合わせたパッチワークが形成されていることを明らかにする．それらは歴史的に形成された事情に対処する努力を通じて，建築物のアーカイヴを形成し，テーマパークとしても一定の文脈を新たに形成してきたが，体系的な収集方針を徹底させるには至っていない．第二に，分離派建築会が「過去建築圏」すなわち歴史主義的な様式に基づいた建築教育からの自由を求めるに至るまでの，中国大陸のドイツ租借地と日本をまたいだ同会メンバーの軌跡を辿る．しかし日本初の近代建築運動となった彼らの運動において，テーマパークとしてのドイツ植民地都市から建築形態が取り入れられた．そこで本稿は，郷土に根ざすことを建築に求めたドイツ・ヴィルヘルム二世時代の「改革建築」と比較しながら，彼らがこの都市を訪れた際の歴史的文脈を分析する．最後に，以上の観点を統合し，モダニズム建築において建築模型が切り拓いた地平を示唆する．近年の日本では，元からあった建物に改築を迫るという都市における資本の圧力やその他の事情から，建築模型を収集する美術館が整備されている．以上の探究により，本稿は敷地の文脈を欠くというモダニズム建築の一側面を理論的に説明する．　First, we clarify what roles Japanese open-air museums and their collection play as patchworks of plural contexts. They were established as archives with a historically organised endeavour but lacked exhaustive systematic collection principles. Secondly, we will follow the traces of Bunriha architects between Germano-China and Japan as a longing for freedom from “the architectural sphere from the past”, historicist education. However, their modern architectural movement, first in Japan, adopted the shapes of the buildings from a German colonial city seen as a theme park. We will illuminate the contexts in which the city accommodated them, compared to Reformarchitektur in the William II period requiring architecture to root to the fatherland. Finally, we will integrate these parts into the horizon that architectural models expanded in Modernist architecture. Recently, Japan opened several museums of architectural models when the urban capitalist pressure substituted brand-new buildings for the originals. These inquiries will explain a theoretical aspect of Modernist architecture: deficient in the contexts of the building site

Lateral Ordering of InAs Quantum Dots on Cross-hatch Patterned GaInP

We report the use of partially relaxed tensile as well as compressively strained GaInP layers for lateral ordering of InAs quantum dots with the aid of misfit dislocation networks. The strained layers and the InAs QDs were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray reciprocal space mapping. The QD-ordering properties of compressive GaInP are found to be very similar with respect to the use of compressive GaInAs, while a significantly stronger ordering of QDs was observed on tensile GaInP. Furthermore, we observed a change of the major type of dislocation in GaInP layers as the growth temperature was modified

ダイガク セイキョウ ノ ガバナンス ト リスク カンリ ニ ツイテ : ブンゲイダイ セイキョウ デ ハッセイ シタ フセイ ノ ジレイ カラ

　大学生協は、法令に基づき、学生や教職員らの組合員により組織された機関によって民主的に運営されている。多くの大学生協は全国大学生活協同組合連合会や各地の事業連合に加盟しており、これらの組織から支援を受けつつ、専従の生協職員を雇用して事業を行っている。これにより多様なサービスの安定的・効率的な供給を実現させている一方で、機関運営と事業運営とが隔てられ、組合員による機関運営の役割や裁量は限定的なものとなり、ガバナンスの形骸化という組織運営上の問題を抱えている。　静岡文化芸術大学生活協同組合（以下、文芸大生協）では、2021年度に当時雇用していたパート職員が文芸大生協の資産を不正に取得する被害が発生し、これに対して、損失の処理、情報公開、不正の再発防止などの対処を行った。同様の不正の被害は全国の大学生協で散発しているものの、過去の事例を参照できず、文芸大での不正の対処は困難を極めた。また、不正の再発防止において対策にかかるコストや役員の負担などの難しい課題を残すなど、大学生協のガバナンスの問題を浮き彫りにした。　本稿では、文芸大生協での不正とその対処を事例として報告した上で、大学生協のリスク管理の改善には、全国・地域単位での多層的なガバナンスの構築と、大学の主体的な関与が必要であることを提示する。　University cooperatives （co-ops） are democratic organizations managed by union members, including students and faculty members, based on laws and regulations. Most university co-ops are members of the “National Federation of University Co-operative Associations” and regional business associations. University co-ops are operated by full-time staff and receive support from participating federations. Although this has enabled them to supply stable and efficient services, it has limited the role and discretion of union members in managing the organization. Institutional and business managements were separated, which led to an overall organizational management problem of formalization.　In 2021, a part-time employee acquired the assets of the “Shizuoka University of Art and Culture cooperative （SUAC co-op）“. SUAC co-op took immediate measures to dispose the loss, disclose information, and prevent recurrence of such fraud. Although similar frauds have occurred at university co-ops in Japan, we could not locate any post-case documentation. Therefore, it was difficult to take measures. In addition, the expense of fraud prevention and the executive load are still problematic, which highlight the weaknesses of university co-op governance.　This article uses a case study of fraud at the SUAC co-op to demonstrate that risk management at university co-ops requires the establishment of multi-layered governance on a nationwide and regional basis, and the proactive involvement of universities

Microarray-Based Approach Identifies Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Porcine Sexually Immature and Mature Testes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules which are proved to be involved in mammalian spermatogenesis. Their expression and function in the porcine germ cells are not fully understood.We employed a miRNA microarray containing 1260 unique miRNA probes to evaluate the miRNA expression patterns between sexually immature (60-day) and mature (180-day) pig testes. One hundred and twenty nine miRNAs representing 164 reporter miRNAs were expressed differently (p<0.1). Fifty one miRNAs were significantly up-regulated and 78 miRNAs were down-regulated in mature testes. Nine of these differentially expressed miRNAs were validated using quantitative RT-PCR assay. Totally 15,919 putative miRNA-target sites were detected by using RNA22 method to align 445 NCBI pig cDNA sequences with these 129 differentially expressed miRNAs, and seven putative target genes involved in spermatogenesis including DAZL, RNF4 gene were simply confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR.Overall, the results of this study indicated specific miRNAs expression in porcine testes and suggested that miRNAs had a role in regulating spermatogenesis

Cytoneme-Mediated Delivery of Hedgehog Regulates the Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins to Maintain Germline Stem Cells in Drosophila

Genetic manipulation of the germline stem cell niche in Drosophila ovaries reveals that support cells ensure the maintenance of stem cells by modulating the spread of Hedgehog within the niche

Performance of SK-Gd's Upgraded Real-time Supernova Monitoring System

Among multi-messenger observations of the next galactic core-collapse supernova, Super-Kamiokande (SK) plays a critical role in detecting the emitted supernova neutrinos, determining the direction to the supernova (SN), and notifying the astronomical community of these observations in advance of the optical signal. On 2022, SK has increased the gadolinium dissolved in its water target (SK-Gd) and has achieved a Gd concentration of 0.033%, resulting in enhanced neutron detection capability, which in turn enables more accurate determination of the supernova direction. Accordingly, SK-Gd's real-time supernova monitoring system (Abe te al. 2016b) has been upgraded. SK_SN Notice, a warning system that works together with this monitoring system, was released on December 13, 2021, and is available through GCN Notices (Barthelmy et al. 2000). When the monitoring system detects an SN-like burst of events, SK_SN Notice will automatically distribute an alarm with the reconstructed direction to the supernova candidate within a few minutes. In this paper, we present a systematic study of SK-Gd's response to a simulated galactic SN. Assuming a supernova situated at 10 kpc, neutrino fluxes from six supernova models are used to characterize SK-Gd's pointing accuracy using the same tools as the online monitoring system. The pointing accuracy is found to vary from 3-7$^\circ$ depending on the models. However, if the supernova is closer than 10 kpc, SK_SN Notice can issue an alarm with three-degree accuracy, which will benefit follow-up observations by optical telescopes with large fields of view.Comment: 38 pages, 29 figures, 6 table

Search for Periodic Time Variations of the Solar 8^8B Neutrino Flux Between 1996 and 2018 in Super-Kamiokande

We report a search for time variations of the solar $^8$B neutrino flux using 5,804 live days of Super-Kamiokande data collected between May 31, 1996, and May 30, 2018. Super-Kamiokande measured the precise time of each solar neutrino interaction over 22 calendar years to search for solar neutrino flux modulations with unprecedented precision. Periodic modulations are searched for in a data set comprised of five-day interval solar neutrino flux measurements with a maximum likelihood method. We also applied the Lomb-Scargle method to this data set to compare it with previous reports. The only significant modulation found is due to the elliptic orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The observed modulation is consistent with astronomical data: we measured an eccentricity of (1.53$\pm$0.35)\,\%, and a perihelion shift is ($-$1.5$\pm$13.5)\,days.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, and data file: "sksolartimevariation5804d.txt

Measurements of the charge ratio and polarization of cosmic-ray muons with the Super-Kamiokande detector

We present the results of the charge ratio ($R$) and polarization ($P^{\mu}_{0}$) measurements using the decay electron events collected from 2008 September to 2022 June by the Super-Kamiokande detector. Because of its underground location and long operation, we performed high precision measurements by accumulating cosmic-ray muons. We measured the muon charge ratio to be $R=1.32 \pm 0.02$ $(\mathrm{stat.}{+}\mathrm{syst.})$ at $E_{\mu}\cos \theta_{\mathrm{Zenith}}=0.7^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ $\mathrm{TeV}$, where $E_{\mu}$ is the muon energy and $\theta_{\mathrm{Zenith}}$ is the zenith angle of incoming cosmic-ray muons. This result is consistent with the Honda flux model while this suggests a tension with the $\pi K$ model of $1.9\sigma$. We also measured the muon polarization at the production location to be $P^{\mu}_{0}=0.52 \pm 0.02$ $(\mathrm{stat.}{+}\mathrm{syst.})$ at the muon momentum of $0.9^{+0.6}_{-0.1}$ $\mathrm{TeV}/c$ at the surface of the mountain; this also suggests a tension with the Honda flux model of $1.5\sigma$. This is the most precise measurement ever to experimentally determine the cosmic-ray muon polarization near $1~\mathrm{TeV}/c$. These measurement results are useful to improve the atmospheric neutrino simulations.Comment: 29 pages, 45 figure

Solar neutrino measurements using the full data period of Super-Kamiokande-IV

An analysis of solar neutrino data from the fourth phase of Super-Kamiokande~(SK-IV) from October 2008 to May 2018 is performed and the results are presented. The observation time of the data set of SK-IV corresponds to $2970$~days and the total live time for all four phases is $5805$~days. For more precise solar neutrino measurements, several improvements are applied in this analysis: lowering the data acquisition threshold in May 2015, further reduction of the spallation background using neutron clustering events, precise energy reconstruction considering the time variation of the PMT gain. The observed number of solar neutrino events in $3.49$--$19.49$ MeV electron kinetic energy region during SK-IV is $65,443^{+390}_{-388}\,(\mathrm{stat.})\pm 925\,(\mathrm{syst.})$ events. Corresponding $\mathrm{^{8}B}$ solar neutrino flux is $(2.314 \pm 0.014\, \rm{(stat.)} \pm 0.040 \, \rm{(syst.)}) \times 10^{6}~\mathrm{cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$, assuming a pure electron-neutrino flavor component without neutrino oscillations. The flux combined with all SK phases up to SK-IV is $(2.336 \pm 0.011\, \rm{(stat.)} \pm 0.043 \, \rm{(syst.)}) \times 10^{6}~\mathrm{cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$. Based on the neutrino oscillation analysis from all solar experiments, including the SK $5805$~days data set, the best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters are $\rm{sin^{2} \theta_{12,\,solar}} = 0.306 \pm 0.013$ and $\Delta m^{2}_{21,\,\mathrm{solar}} = (6.10^{+ 0.95}_{-0.81}) \times 10^{-5}~\rm{eV}^{2}$, with a deviation of about 1.5$\sigma$ from the $\Delta m^{2}_{21}$ parameter obtained by KamLAND. The best-fit neutrino oscillation parameters obtained from all solar experiments and KamLAND are $\sin^{2} \theta_{12,\,\mathrm{global}} = 0.307 \pm 0.012$ and $\Delta m^{2}_{21,\,\mathrm{global}} = (7.50^{+ 0.19}_{-0.18}) \times 10^{-5}~\rm{eV}^{2}$.Comment: 47 pages, 61 figure