Comparative Studies of the Clarification Potentials of Ferric Chloride and Moringa Oleifera Coagulants

The significant treatment costs of drinking water make treated water costly, raising the price of clean and helping make clean water inaccessible to the poor people in rural communities. This compels them to turn to readily available sources which are mainly contaminated. This subjects them to waterborne diseases.In this context, this study was carried out to validate the efficiency and, if feasible, the substitution of Ferric Chloride utilised in the treatment of water using Moringa Oleiferaseeds, a cheap and widely accessible indigenous coagulant. The quality of water was tested on collection compared to those treated with Ferric Chloride and Moringa Seeds. Doses of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, 25 g and 30 g of both coagulants were used to treat 500 ml of water. Control water without Ferric Chloride and Moringa treatments was included. The pH, turbidity, conductivity and COD were measured. From the ANOVA statistical analysis, several factors such as pH were analysed, and there was a wide variation between the two treatments of Moringa and Ferric Chloride.

Indoor/Outdoor Concentration of Pollutants Around Major Roundabouts in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

The escalation of daily human activities has led to a surge in gaseous pollutants and particulates, with indoor environments often exhibiting higher pollutant levels than outdoor air. This study delves into the intricate relationship between outdoor pollutants and indoor settings near traffic intersections within the Ilorin metropolis. The research focuses on six strategically chosen locations with intensified vehicular and human interactions. Data on particulate concentration were collected at various time intervals.The Met One Aerocet 531s apparatus assessed indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations. Additionally, the Crowcon Gas Pro, a versatile multi-gas measurement equipment, facilitated the quantification of gaseous pollutants, including Oxygen, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide, and Methane. The assessment of other gaseous pollutants, such as NO, NO2, and NH3, was conducted using the ToxiRAE II apparatus, which offers diverse measurement capabilities. The Kestrel weather tracker contributed to the study by furnishing microclimatic parameters. All measurement instruments were strategically positioned at approximately 1.5 meters above ground level.Vehicular density variation emerged as a pivotal criterion in the evaluation process. Findings revealed elevated outdoor PM10 concentrations during rush hours at the roundabouts, indicating heightened pollutant emissions during peak traffic times. Conversely, intriguingly elevated indoor PM10 concentrations were observed within specific indoor environments during non-rush hour periods. This phenomenon potentially results from the interplay of meteorological fluctuations and indoor activities, underscoring the complexity of pollutant dispersion dynamics.Indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios emerged as a significant metric, consistently exceeding unity across diverse sites. This observation substantiates the presence of indoor-based pollutant sources, necessitating vigilant monitoring and effective mitigation strategies to mitigate potential health risks for indoor occupants.This research contributes vital insights into the intricate domain of air quality assessment, offering nuanced perspectives on pollutant distribution dynamics, indoor exposure scenarios, and ensuing health implications. By addressing the complex nexus between outdoor and indoor environments, this study emphasizes the imperative of adopting comprehensive strategies to curtail pollutant emissions at their source, foster sustainable urban planning, and enhance the quality of indoor environments. The outcomes resonate with broader endeavours to address the far-reaching consequences of air pollution on both ecological equilibrium and human well-being

Water and Wastewater Treatment in Nigeria: Advancements, Challenges, Climate Change and Socioeconomic Impacts

The research addresses the prevalent issue of inadequate water and wastewater treatment in Nigeria. Over the years, advanced countries have developed substantial and robust systems for the treatment of water and wastewater, which ensures the preservation and sustenance of societal health and mitigates against the negative impacts that untreated and unregulated wastewater could cause to the environment, including water pollution, transmission of illnesses, destruction of ecosystems etc. The study examines the historical and most recent water treatment methods, which entail boiling and more advanced techniques such as Membrane Filtration, Ultraviolet Disinfection and Reverse Osmosis. Also, an overview of the potential threats to water treatment, including poor power supply, poor infrastructure, poor waste management system, Poverty, Policy Issues, and corruption, was conducted. With the advent of technology, treatment methods such as biological and chemical treatments have been instituted. For example, Biological Treatment entails using bacteria to destroy contaminants in water, leveraging the natural ability of microorganisms to survive in unseemly harsh conditions. The paper explores the economic analysis of waste management strategies in Nigeria, stating the costs, benefits and challenges faced.While implementing these strategies can be costly due to a lack of infrastructural and institutional capacity, it benefits societal health protection and promotes environmental sustainability in the long run. Stakeholder engagement, such as supporting water and wastewater treatment technology implementation and setting up local committees. That can help educate and ensure proper disposal of waste and wastewater by homeowners, industries and local businesses, which is discussed as an essential factor in providing adequate water reforms. The research examines important organisations in Nigeria responsible for conducting research, developing policies, enforcing environmental laws, and developing national guidelines and standards. These organisations include the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, the National Water Resources Institute, River Basin Development Authorities, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Ministry of Environment and the National Environmental Rules and Regulations Enforcement Agency. We examined the relationship between climate change, water and wastewater treatment, discussing the effects of climate change on water resources, including irregular rainfall patterns, decreasing ice sheets, increasing sea levels, floods and droughts. The efforts of the Nigerian government to combat climate change, such as the introduction of the national climate change policy and the enactment of the Climate Change Act 2021, were highlighted. The study also highlights the need for comprehensive strategies and cooperation to achieve long-term climate goals and promote climate-resilient economic development. We looked into the socioeconomic impact of effluent discharge and socioeconomic factors related to climate change in Nigeria. It reveals how wastewater affects agricultural activities such as fishing and farming and negatively impacts aquatic life, farmers and consumers. Discussions revolved around societal rights and obligations stated in the Nigerian Constitution regarding the government's responsibility to provide access to Healthcare, shelter, food, employment, and education. Recommendations were made, emphasising the need for properly designed and operated water treatment systems, prioritising water management, the importance of considering local conditions and the use of appropriate technology in ensuring the success of projects. Financial support from international organisations is essential. However, local commitment is likewise crucial for long-term sustainability

Finite Element Analysis of Continuous Plates Using a High-Performance Programming Language (MATLAB)

This paper uses MATLAB, a finite element software program to compare the results of several finite analysis methods for continuous plates and check the degree of correlation with the exact values obtained by Timoshenko (1959) and Cheung (1996). The results showed little or no significant difference between plates in finite elements. Two different finite Numerical techniques are used. The Finite Strip and Exact methods and their results are compared to the results from the MATLAB program. Finite element analysis (FEA) workflow using MATLAB includes generation of meshes, geometry creation, defining physics of load, initial conditions and boundary problems, calculation, and results from visualization. FEA is a very general approach for solving Equations in science and engineering. This work offers solutions to the increasing errors associated with several other numerical methods when solving any equations of plates (сontinuous). It makes it easier to calculate and design larger structures through geometry discretization of plates and plains into more minor elements

Characterisation and Treatment of Automobile and Battery Water Waste Using Coagulation and Adsorption Technique

Adsorption processes have seen a broad level of usage by various researchers over the years to remove heavy metals from waste streams. An adsorbent frequently used is activated carbon. Although activated carbon is used extensively in water and wastewater industries, it remains expensive. In recent years, there has been a need for economical and safe methods for heavy metal elimination from contaminated water. This need has only grown, which gave rise to research aimed toward producing low-cost alternatives to activated carbon. There is an urgent need to explore all possible sources of inexpensive agro-based adsorbents, and heavy metal removal's feasibility should be studied in great detail. This research objective is to learn how inexpensive adsorbents can remove heavy metals from wastewater. Treating Automobile battery waste efficiently remains a significant challenge due to its enormous quantity, hazardous nature, and complexity. When effective treatment technology has poor implementation, this aggravates the situation and worsens the situation further in countries with high and rising populations. This leads to more pressures of urbanisation and industrials, giving room for more industrial waste.This research suggests the best possible options by critically reviewing the existing practices. While slow biological treatment schemes usually fail to support microbial activities in the presence of toxic components in concentrations, other physicochemical plans often need to meet strict waste disposal and discharge regulations. The approach where sludge disposal is thermally incinerated has never seen environmental justification, and this is because of dioxin release and obnoxious substances transferred directly. Newly emerging membrane-based schemes can be flexible, environmentally friendly, petite, economically self-sufficient, and easy to implement and maintain after installation

Prediction of the Phytochemical Properties of Luffa Cylindrica Seed Oil Using Artificial Neural Network

The research used an artificial neural network (ANN) to examine optimum extraction conditions and phytochemical contents of Luffa cylindrica seed oil. The oil yield was predicted using an artificial neural network. The performance of the ANN and response surface methodology models was compared. The optimum extraction yielded 7.567% oil yield, 185.676 mg/l phenol, and 45.087 mg/l terpineol at 75.57 °C extraction temperature, 5.77 h extraction time, and 10.68 g/mol n-hexane concentration, respectively. These data show that the oil output is poor but has a significant phenol and terpenoid content that may be employed in pharmaceutical sectors. The FT-IR analysis of Luffa cylindrica seed oil revealed a high level of unsaturated hydrocarbons and esters, making the oil appropriate for using in the paint industry and creating cosmetics

Sustainable Water and Wastewater Management: Challenges, Innovations, and Lessons from Global Case Studies

This review article synthesizes diverse research works addressing the critical issues surrounding water and wastewater management on a global scale. We analyzed the challenges, innovations, and valuable lessons learned from these studies, providing a holistic view of sustainable water and wastewater management practices. The paper begins by examining the challenges of population growth, climate change, pollution, and emerging contaminants. It discusses the importance of public awareness, waste disposal management, and water conservation in mitigating these challenges. Furthermore, the review explores the concept of green infrastructure in wastewater treatment, highlighting various technologies such as anaerobic digestion, membrane filtration, and nutrient recovery. It presents case studies of successful implementations of green infrastructure in water and wastewater treatment facilities, showcasing environmental, social, and economic benefits. In contrast, the paper delves into case studies of unsuccessful projects, offering insights into their failures, including improper planning, inadequate funding, weak regulatory frameworks, and insufficient governance structures.This research review article underscores the importance of tailored, site-specific approaches to wastewater management, emphasizing the need for collaboration, public engagement, and training programs. It concludes by offering recommendations for sustainable wastewater management in diverse socio-cultural and environmental contexts

Prediction of the Phytochemical Properties of Luffa Cylindrica Seed Oil Using Artificial Neural Network

The research used an artificial neural network (ANN) to examine optimum extraction conditions and phytochemical contents of Luffa cylindrica seed oil. The oil yield was predicted using an artificial neural network. The performance of the ANN and response surface methodology models was compared. The optimum extraction yielded 7.567% oil yield, 185.676 mg/l phenol, and 45.087 mg/l terpineol at 75.57 °C extraction temperature, 5.77 h extraction time, and 10.68 g/mol n-hexane concentration, respectively. These data show that the oil output is poor but has a significant phenol and terpenoid content that may be employed in pharmaceutical sectors. The FT-IR analysis of Luffa cylindrica seed oil revealed a high level of unsaturated hydrocarbons and esters, making the oil appropriate for using in the paint industry and creating cosmetics