Comparaison de la pression artérielle, des mécanismes régulateurs de la pression artérielle et des fonctions cognitives chez les femmes physiquement actives en pré- et post-ménopause

De nombreuses études se sont intéressées aux effets délétères de la ménopause dans l’augmentation du risque de maladies cardiovasculaires et de troubles cognitifs. La chute des concentrations en hormones sexuelles liée à la ménopause impacte la pression artérielle, premier acteur responsable dans l’augmentation de la prévalence des maladies cardiovasculaires et des troubles cognitifs. Dans la population masculine, l’activité physique et ses effets notamment hypotenseurs apparaissent comme une stratégie non pharmacologique hautement efficace dans le maintien de la santé cardiovasculaire et cognitive. En revanche, les effets bénéfiques d’un mode de vie physiquement actif sur la pression artérielle, la santé vasculaire et la santé cognitive ne sont pas encore globalement admis chez les femmes post-ménopausées. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'impact de la ménopause sur la pression artérielle, les facteurs qui la régulent et les fonctions cognitives chez des femmes physiquement actives. A partir de la littérature existante, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse générale que la pression artérielle et les fonctions cognitives seraient préservées chez femmes post-ménopausées (stade + 1 de la classification STRAW+10) physiquement actives (≥150 min/sem d’activité physique à intensité modérée ou ≥ 75 min/sem d’activité physique à intensité vigoureuse) par rapport à des femmes pré-ménopausées (stade -3 de la classification STRAW+10) physiquement actives. Nous avons également formulé l’hypothèse que les marqueurs de santé vasculaires seraient préservés chez ces femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives par rapport au groupe de femmes pré-ménopausées physiquement actives. Une revue de littérature et deux études transversales ont été réalisées pour vérifier ces hypothèses. Notre revue de littérature a mis en évidence : L’effet de la privation d'hormones sexuelles sur les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l'augmentation de la pression artérielle à la ménopause. L'effet bénéfique de l’activité physique dans la prévention et le traitement de l'hypertension chez les femmes ménopausées. Les limites actuelles de la littérature scientifique quant aux effets bénéfiques de l’activité physique sur les mécanismes physiologiques régulant la pression artérielle. Nos études expérimentales ont permis de conclure que : Les femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives ont des valeurs moyennes de pressions artérielles (systolique et diastolique) et des marqueurs vasculaires (rigidité artérielle, fonction endothéliale, sensibilité du baroréflexe) préservés par rapport aux femmes pré-ménopausées physiquement actives. Ces mêmes femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives performent aussi bien que leurs homologues pré-ménopausées aux tests cognitifs évaluant la vitesse de traitement et les fonctions exécutives notamment pour les composantes inhibition et alternance. En revanche, elles performent moins bien que le groupe pré-ménopausées pour les tests évaluant la mémoire de travail. Cette thèse montre donc que d’être physiquement actif a des effets positifs sur la pression artérielle et les fonctions vasculaires des femmes en début de ménopause. Cependant cela ne permet pas de limiter totalement la baisse de la performance cognitive, notamment dans les domaines cognitifs évaluant les fonctions exécutives (mémoire de travail). Nous concluons que d’être physiquement actif permet de compenser certaines conséquences vasculaires, mais pas certaines conséquences cognitives associées à la transition ménopausique.Numerous studies have focused on the deleterious effects of menopause that result in a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders. The fall in sex hormone concentrations associated with menopause increases blood pressure, which is the main factor involved in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders. In males, the hypotensive effects of physical activity are a highly effective non-pharmacological strategy for maintaining cardiovascular and cognitive health. In contrast, the beneficial effects of a physically active lifestyle on blood pressure, vascular health, and cognitive health are not yet generally accepted in post-menopausal females. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to study the effect of menopause on blood pressure, its regulating factors and cognitive function in physically active females. Based on the existing literature, we formulated the general hypothesis that blood pressure and cognitive functions would be preserved in physically active (≥150 min/week of moderate intensity physical activity or ≥75 min/week of vigorous intensity physical activity) post-menopausal females (stage +1 of the STRAW+10 classification) compared with physically active pre-menopausal females (stage -3 of the STRAW+10 classification). We also hypothesized that markers of vascular health would be preserved in the physically active post-menopausal group compared with the physically active pre-menopausal group. A literature review and 2 cross-sectional studies were performed to test these hypotheses. Our literature review highlighted: o The effect of sex hormone deprivation on the physiological mechanisms involved in increased blood pressure during menopause. The beneficial effect of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in post-menopausal females. o The current knowledge gaps of the scientific literature regarding the beneficial effects of physical activity on the physiological mechanisms regulating blood pressure. Our experimental studies concluded that: o Physically active post-menopausal females have preserved mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and physiological mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation (arterial stiffness, endothelial function, baroreflex sensitivity) compared with physically active pre-menopausal females. o Physically active post-menopausal females perform as well as their pre- menopausal counterparts in cognitive tests evaluating processing speed and executive functions, particularly for the inhibition and alternation components. However, they performed worse than the pre-menopausal group on tests assessing working memory. Taken together this thesis shows that being physically active has positive effects on blood pressure and vascular function in early post-menopausal females. However, a physically active lifestyle does not completely limit the decline in cognitive performance, especially in cognitive domain assessing executive functions (working memory). We conclude that being physically active compensates for some vascular consequences, but not all cognitive consequences associated with the menopausal transition

Supplementary file

Supplementeray file</p

Raw Data

Raw data</p

Montmorillonite K-10 catalyzed cyclization of N-ethoxycarbonyl-N′-arylguanidines: Access to pyrimido[4,5-c]carbazole and pyrimido[5,4-b]indole derivatives

International audienc

The acute effect of heat exposure on forearm macro‐ and microvascular function: Impact of measurement timing, heating modality and biological sex

Abstract The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) and postocclusion reactive hyperaemia (PORH) by: characterizing the time course of changes post‐heating; comparing forearm and whole‐body heating; determining the impact of forearm heating during whole‐body heating; and comparing males and females. Twenty adults (11 males and nine females; 28 ± 6 years of age) underwent two forearm [10 min electric blanket (EB) or 30 min hot water immersion (WI)] and two whole‐body [60 min water‐perfused suit with forearm covered (WBH‐C) or uncovered (WBH‐U)] heating modalities. The FMD and PORH were measured before and after (≤5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min) heating. The FMD increased from baseline 30 min after EB, and 30 and 90 min after WI. In contrast, FMD decreased from baseline immediately after both WBH modalities. Peak PORH increased immediately after WI and both WBH modalities. Total PORH did not differ after WI, whereas it decreased immediately after both WBH modalities. Covering the forearm during WBH did not alter acute changes in FMD or PORH. Changes in FMD and PORH did not differ statistically between males and females during each heating modality, although the observed differences could not always be considered equivalent. These results demonstrate that the acute effect of heat exposure on brachial artery FMD and PORH is: (1) transient and short lasting; (2) different between forearm heating and WBH; (3) unaffected by direct forearm heating during WBH; and (4) not different but not always equivalent between males and females

A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Arterial Stiffness and Cognitive Performances in Physically Active Late Pre- and Early Post-Menopausal Females

Menopause accelerates increases in arterial stiffness and decreases cognitive performances. The objective of this study was to compare cognitive performances in physically active pre- and post-menopausal females and their relationship with arterial stiffness. We performed a cross-sectional comparison of blood pressure, carotid&ndash;femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and cognitive performances between physically active late pre- and early post-menopausal females. Systolic (post-menopause&mdash;pre-menopause: +6 mmHg [95% CI &minus;1; +13], p = 0.27; &#331;2 = 0.04) and diastolic (+6 mmHg [95% CI +2; +11], p = 0.06; &#331;2 = 0.12) blood pressures, and cf-PWV (+0.29 m/s [95% CI &minus;1.03; 1.62], p = 0.48; &#331;2 = 0.02) did not differ between groups. Post-menopausal females performed as well as pre-menopausal females on tests evaluating executive functions, episodic memory and processing speed. Group differences were observed on the computerized working memory task. Post-menopausal females had lower accuracy (p = 0.02; &#331;2 = 0.25) but similar reaction time (p = 0.70; &#331;2 &lt; 0.01). Moreover, this performance was inversely associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms (r = &minus;0.38; p = 0.05). These results suggest that arterial stiffness and performance on tests assessing episodic memory and processing speed and executive functions assessing inhibition and switching abilities did not differ between physically active pre- and post-menopausal females. However, post-menopausal females had lower performance on a challenging condition of a working memory task, and this difference in working memory between groups cannot be explained by increased arterial stiffness

Mediterranean diet and time-restricted eating as a cardiac rehabilitation approach for patients with coronary heart disease and pre-diabetes: the DIABEPIC-1 protocol of a feasibility trial

Introduction Despite proven programmes, implementing lifestyle interventions for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes is challenging. Cardiac rehabilitation, provide a valuable opportunity to promote the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviours for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, only a limited number of studies have explored the potential for reversing the underlying causes of ASCVD in this setting.Objectives The DIABEPIC1 study is an ongoing single-arm lifestyle clinical trial to assess the feasibility of an upgraded 6-month intensive cardiac rehabilitation programme combining an innovative diet assignment with exercise training to reverse newly onset pre-diabetes (glycated haemoglobin 5.7%–6.4%) to normal glucose concentrations in patients with coronary heart disease.Methods and analysis 36 patients referred from the Montreal Heart Institute for cardiac rehabilitation, aged ≥40 years with a recent diagnosis of pre-diabetes in the last 6 months, will be offered to participate in the upgraded programme. Interventions will include four sessions of nutritional counselling on ultra-processed foods intake reduction and a moderate-carbohydrate (&lt;40%) ad libitum Mediterranean diet coupled with 36 1-hour sessions of supervised exercise training (continuous and interval aerobic training, and resistance training) and educational intervention. Phase 2 will continue the same interventions adding 8:16 hour time-restricting eating (TRE) at least 5 days per week. During this second phase, exercise training will be performed with autonomy. The primary objectives will be to evaluate the recruitment rate, the completion rates at 3 and 6 months, and the compliance of participants. The secondary objectives will be to assess the proportion of prediabetic participants in remission of pre-diabetes at the programme’s end and to characterise the factors associated with remission.Ethics and dissemination The DIABEPIC1 feasibility study is approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Montreal Heart Institute (Project Number ICM 2022-3005). Written informed consent will be obtained from each participant prior to inclusion. Results will be available through research articles and conferences.Conclusions The DIABEPIC1 trial will examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an enhanced cardiac rehabilitation programme combining exercise training with an ultra-processed food reduction intervention, a Mediterranean diet, and TRE counselling to remit pre-diabetes to normal glucose concentrations.Trial registration number NCT05459987

Disentangling x-ray dichroism and birefringence via high-purity polarimetry

International audienceHigh-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources have opened new avenues for x-ray polarization analysis that go far beyond conventional polarimetry in the optical domain. With linear x-ray polarizers in a crossed setting, polarization extinction ratios down to 10−10 can be achieved. This renders the method sensitive to probe the tiniest optical anisotropies that would occur, for example, in strong-field quantum electrodynamics due to vacuum birefringence and dichroism. Here we show that high-purity polarimetry can be employed to reveal electronic anisotropies in condensed matter systems with utmost sensitivity and spectral resolution. Taking CuO and La2CuO4 as benchmark systems, we present a full characterization of the polarization changes across the Cu K-absorption edge and their separation into dichroic and birefringent contributions. At diffraction-limited synchrotron radiation sources and x-ray lasers, where polarization extinction ratios of 10−12 can be achieved, our method has the potential to assess birefringence and dichroism of the quantum vacuum in extreme electromagnetic fields

Disentangling x-ray dichroism and birefringence via high-purity polarimetry

High-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources have opened new avenues for x-ray polarization analysis that go far beyond conventional polarimetry in the optical domain. With linear x-ray polarizers in a crossed setting, polarization extinction ratios down to 10$^{−10}$ can be achieved. This renders the method sensitive to probe the tiniest optical anisotropies that would occur, for example, in strong-field quantum electrodynamics due to vacuum birefringence and dichroism. Here we show that high-purity polarimetry can be employed to reveal electronic anisotropies in condensed matter systems with utmost sensitivity and spectral resolution. Taking CuO and La$_2$CuO$_4$ as benchmark systems, we present a full characterization of the polarization changes across the Cu K-absorption edge and their separation into dichroic and birefringent contributions. At diffraction-limited synchrotron radiation sources and x-ray lasers, where polarization extinction ratios of 10$^{−12}$ can be achieved, our method has the potential to assess birefringence and dichroism of the quantum vacuum in extreme electromagnetic fields