The differential diagnosis of some conditions of the hip joint with a few observations on the condition know as Coxa Vara

The hip joint is, by reason of its unique structure and arrangement peculiarly liable to disease and malformation, and by reason of its deep-seated position these conditions produce certain difficulties in diagnosis.With these difficulties we propose to deal, by comparing and contrasting coxa vara with other conditions simulating it. For the purpose of a brief survey it is necessary to enter into several points of the anatomy of the hip - especially with the ossification of the acetabulum and upper end of the femur and also into the architecture of these bones

Is contact with adult mental health services helpful for individuals with a diagnosable BPD?:a study of service users views in the UK

BACKGROUND: Previous research in the UK has suggested that individuals with a diagnosable borderline personality disorder (BPD) have often found contact with adult mental health services unhelpful. In 2003, UK government guidance outlined how services might address this issue. Since this guidance, there has been little research that seeks to understand services users' experiences of services and provide information about how services might improve. AIMS: To explore the experiences of individuals with a diagnosis of BPD in accessing adult mental health services and to better understand which aspects of contact with services can be helpful or unhelpful. METHODS: Nine service users with a diagnosable BPD were recruited through voluntary sector services in England. Semi-structured interviews were used and interview data was analysed using an inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes were generated including "The diagnostic process influences how service users feel about BPD", "Non-caring care" and "It's all about the relationship". CONCLUSION: The participants' accounts identify a number of practical points which services could implement to improve the experiences of service users

A retrospective investigation into the occurrence and human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs through cod liver products (1972–2017)

A retrospective analysis of a number of historical medicinal grade cod-liver oil samples produced in Northern Europe revealed relatively high contamination levels of PCNs, PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The total toxic equivalence (TEQ) associated with PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PCNs was in the range 95 to 427 pg g-1 for Baltic cod-liver oils and from 70 to 148 pg g-1 for oils sourced from the North Atlantic. The corresponding range for canned cod liver products (Baltic Sea) sampled in 2017 ranged from 52 to 104 pg g-1 fat (33 to 34 pg g-1 ww). The contribution from PCBs to the overall TEQ toxicity was around 3 to 6-fold higher than from PCDD/Fs and ranged from 24 to 318 pg TEQ g-1ww. The estimated summed TEQ intakes of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and dl-PCNs resulting from the consumption of the daily recommended doses was highest for the Baltic cod-liver oils ranging from 16 to 293 pg kg-1 body mass (bm) day-1 for an adult, 20 to 183 pg kg-1 bm day-1 for a teenager and 15 to 131 pg kg-1 bm day-1 for a child. The contribution to daily adult TEQ intake from PCNs alone, although relatively small is estimated to contribute up to 5-fold above the recent EFSA proposed TWI of 2 pg kg-1 bm. The results indicate that although currently produced fish oils may undergo rigorous purification procedures and show low contaminant levels, cod livers sourced from the Baltic and consumed locally, continue to contribute substantially to the dietary intake of these contaminants

PBDEs in cod (Gadus morhua) liver products (1972 to 2017): Occurrence and human exposure

PBDEs occur in a range of commonly consumed foods but there is very little current information on occurrence in dietary supplements such as cod liver oil or cod livers used as food. This study retrospectively investigated a number of these products, sourced from the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic, historically dating from 1972 to 2017. For the sum of 17 measured PBDEs (ΣPBDE), the concentrations ranged from 9.9 to 415 ng g-1 for the oils and from 10.5 to 13 ng g-1 for canned liver products. Concentrations in the oils were highest during the period from 1993 to 2001. For all samples, BDE-47 was the dominant congener with a maximum detected concentration of 308 ng g-1 in a Baltic cod liver oil from 1993. Human exposure to PBDEs from recommended doses were estimated for adults, teenagers and children. Depending on the age group, BDE-47 intakes ranged from 1.3 to 211.5 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Baltic Sea), 2.9 to 12.7 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Atlantic, Norway) and 1.1 to 4.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 (Atlantic, Iceland). Intakes for the other dominant congeners, BDE-49, BDE-99 and BDE-100, were relatively low. The intake estimates of ΣPBDE were highest for Baltic cod liver oils ranging from 2.2 to 284.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for adults, 2.8 to 178 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for teenagers and 2.0 to 127.8 ng kg-1 bm day-1 for a child. Estimated weekly intake of ΣPBDE from canned cod liver was highest for adults, ranging from 17.6 to 25.1 ng kg-1 bm

Dioxin-like polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and ortho-substituted PBBs in edible cod (Gadus morhua) liver oils and canned cod liverss

This study investigates the occurrence of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), a legacy flame retardant, in fishery products such as medicinal grade cod liver oils and canned liver products, sourced from the North Atlantic during 1972–2017. It also assesses the dietary and supplementary (the oils were commonly administered as dietary supplements to children and youth) intake of PBBs from these products. Summed ortho-PBB concentrations ranged from 770 to 1400 pg g−1 fat in the oils and from 99 to 240 pg g−1 whole weight in canned livers, with PBB-49, 52, 101 and 153 accounting for most of these levels. Among the more toxic non-ortho-PBBs, PBB-126 and PBB-169 were not detected, but PBB-77 concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 5.78 pg g−1 fat in the oils and 0.06–0.126 pg g−1 whole weight in canned livers. During 1972–1993, PBB contamination levels were similar for cod liver oils from the Baltic Sea and other North Atlantic regions, but over the timescale of the study, Baltic Sea products appear to show a decline in PBB concentrations. As PBB-77 was the only dioxin-like PBB detected in the samples, the corresponding supplementary (oils, 1972–2001) and dietary (cod liver from 2017) intakes were very low, at < 0.001 pg TEQ kg−1 bm d−1 (or < 0.01 pg TEQ kg−1 bm d−1 upper bound) for the sum of all the measured dioxin-like PBBs –four to six orders of magnitude lower than that arising from other dioxin-like contaminants that were shown to occur in these products, from earlier studies

An analysis of bank liquidity in the Bahamas,2001-2012

This paper provides an analysis of liquidity trends in The Bahamas over the 2001-June 2012 period. The study finds that the significant build-up in domestic liquidity observed over the last four years, also occurred in a number of countries, both developed and developing, and reflected several economic factors. Specific to The Bahamas, the accumulation in liquidity was driven by a slowdown in credit demand and the adoption of more cautious approaches to lending by the banks, due to heightened loan delinquencies. In addition, the contraction in output and the expansion in Government borrowing—particularly from external sources—have all played a major role in the significant augmentation in both excess reserves and excess liquid assets in the domestic banking system. The paper showed that the build-up in liquidity is likely to persist in the near-term and conditions should moderate gradually, as the economy recovers. Moreover, the Central Bank’s use of securities such as Treasury Bills may be effective in producing changes in liquidity over the short-term

An analysis of bank liquidity in the Bahamas,2001-2012

This paper provides an analysis of liquidity trends in The Bahamas over the 2001-June 2012 period. The study finds that the significant build-up in domestic liquidity observed over the last four years, also occurred in a number of countries, both developed and developing, and reflected several economic factors. Specific to The Bahamas, the accumulation in liquidity was driven by a slowdown in credit demand and the adoption of more cautious approaches to lending by the banks, due to heightened loan delinquencies. In addition, the contraction in output and the expansion in Government borrowing—particularly from external sources—have all played a major role in the significant augmentation in both excess reserves and excess liquid assets in the domestic banking system. The paper showed that the build-up in liquidity is likely to persist in the near-term and conditions should moderate gradually, as the economy recovers. Moreover, the Central Bank’s use of securities such as Treasury Bills may be effective in producing changes in liquidity over the short-term