A vigilância sanitária nas políticas de saúde no Brasil e a construção da identidade de seus trabalhadores (1976-1999) Health surveillance in the Brazilian health policies and the constructions of the identity of the health workers (1976-1999)

Neste artigo, pretendemos analisar o processo de conformação da Vigilância Sanitária no país entre 1976, quando foi criada a Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, e 1999, ano de implantação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O foco central do estudo é direcionado à inserção da área nas políticas de saúde e as alterações na concepção dos serviços que assume nova conotação e passa de "fiscalização" para "vigilância". O reconhecimento da importância da vigilância sanitária no campo mais amplo da Saúde Coletiva, assim como a especificidade de seus trabalhadores, constituem pontos de destaque nesta reflexão. Estudos mais recentes acerca do tema começam a desvendar um campo complexo de saberes e práticas, quase invisível nas políticas de saúde e raramente abordado entre as temáticas da Saúde Coletiva, propiciando novas perspectivas para a área.<br>In this article, we analyze the structure of health surveillance in the country between 1976 - when the National Secretariat of Health Surveillance was created - and 1999 - the year of the implementation of an independently administered, financially autonomous regulatory agency linked to the Ministry of Health, the National Health Surveillance Agency. The study focuses mainly on how the field of health surveillance fits into the health policies, and on the changes in its conception passing from the connotation of "inspection" to "surveillance". The recognition of the importance of health surveillance in the broader field of Community Health as well as the specificity of its professionals are central points of reflection. Recent studies on this topic are beginning to reveal a complex field of knowledge and practices, almost invisible in health policies and rarely addressed amidst the new topics of Community Health, thus opening new perspectives for this area

Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations

Berkunsky I, Quillfeldt P, Brightsmith DJ, et al. Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations. Biological Conservation. 2017;214:278-287.Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets