Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Método mãe canguru nos hospitais / maternidades públicos de Salvador e atuação dos profissionais da saúde na segunda etapa do método Kangaroo mother method in hospitals / public maternity in Salvador and performance of health professionals in the second stage of the method

OBJETIVO: investigar quantos hospitais/ maternidades públicos em Salvador utilizam o método mãe-canguru, quais os profissionais estão inseridos na equipe e caracterizar a atuação dos profissionais de saúde que estão inseridos na segunda etapa do método. MÉTODO: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo descritivo do qual participaram os responsáveis pelo setor de neonatologia e os profissionais de saúde inseridos na segunda etapa do método respondendo a questionários. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva calculando-se frequências simples. RESULTADOS:das sete instituições públicas de Salvador quatro utilizam o método. Nas três instituições pesquisadas realizam-se as três etapas preconizadas, em duas delas o quadro profissional tem pelo menos um atuante de cada especialidade recomendada pelo Ministério da Saúde, no entanto evidencia-se reduzido número de fonoaudiólogos nos serviços. Dentre as principais ações dos profissionais da saúde inseridos na segunda etapa estão o incentivo ao posicionamento canguru, ao aleitamento materno exclusivo e orientação às mães quanto aos cuidados com o bebê. CONCLUSÕES:evidencia-se que a recomendação do Ministério da Saúde de que o método seja implantado nas unidades médico-assistenciais integrante do Sistema Único de Saúde ainda não é uma realidade em todos os hospitais/ maternidades públicos de Salvador, no entanto evidenciou-se quadro profissional em conformidade com a recomendação em duas das instituições pesquisadas e a atuação dos profissionais entrevistados se incorpora no campo da transdisciplinaridade.<br>PURPOSE:to investigate how many public hospitals and maternity hospitals in Salvador use the Kangaroo Mother Method, who are the professionals inserted in the team, and to characterize the acting of the health professionals who are inserted in the second stage of the method. METHOD: a descriptive quantitative study, in which the persons in charge for the neonatology sector and the health professionals inserted in the second stage of the method took part, answering the questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed through descriptive statistics where simple frequencies were calculated. RESULTS: four of the seven public institutions of Salvador use the method. All the investigated institutions carry out three preconized stages, in two of them the professional picture has at least an active one of each specialty recommended by the Health Ministry, however reduced number shows up of speech language therapist in the service. Among the principal actions of the health professionals inserted in the second stage are the incentive for a Kangoroo positioning and exclusive breastfeeding and guidance to mothers in caring for the baby. CONCLUSIONS: it is proven that the recommendation of the Health Ministry that the method is implanted in the units medical-care integrant of the Sistema Único de Saúde are not yet a reality in all public Hospitals / Maternity Units of Salvador, however we evidenced a professional team in compliance with the recommendation in two of the searched institutions and the performance of the interviewed professionals is incorporated in the field of transdisciplinarity

Atuação fonoaudiológica na estimulação precoce da sucção não-nutritiva em recém-nascidos pré-termo Action of speech therapy on early stimulation of non-nutritive sucking in preterm newborns

TEMA: estimulação precoce da sucção não-nutritiva em recém-nascidos pré-termo. PROCEDIMENTOS: análise detalhada de três prontuários de recém-nascidos pré-termos com idade gestacional de 33 semanas que apresentavam apenas dificuldade na sucção, sem patologias associadas. Na análise dos prontuários foram levantados os seguintes dados para comparação: peso ao nascer, total de dias no alto risco, total de dias no médio risco, tônus, peso/ganho, tempo de intervenção fonoaudiológica e alta hospitalar. Os bebês foram atendidos na UTI do Hospital Regional de Taguatinga, em Brasília/DF. RESULTADOS: o primeiro recém-nascido (RN1) passou 19 dias no alto risco, o RN2 passou três dias e o RN3 quatro dias. A estimulação da sucção do RN1 foi mais tardia, pela longa permanência no alto risco, na qual não há a atuação fonoaudiológica. O RN1 teve maior dificuldade para desenvolver seu reflexo de sucção e recebeu alta com auxílio do banco de leite. Os RN2 e RN3 receberam alta realizando sucção eficaz no seio materno sem nenhuma recomendação. CONCLUSÃO: os dados obtidos nessa pesquisa apontam para a eficácia da intervenção fonoaudiológica com relação à estimulação precoce da sucção em recém-nascido pré-termo, estando relacionada com a alta hospitalar e o desenvolvimento global do bebê. A estimulação precoce da fonoaudiologia nos recém-nascidos pré-termos é fundamental para uma alimentação no seio materno eficaz, prazerosa e funcional. Além de proporcionar maior vínculo entre mãe e bebê ainda no âmbito hospitalar, a atuação da fonoaudiologia pode favorecer a diminuição do tempo de internação.<br>BACKGROUND: early stimulation of non-nutritive sucking in preterm newborns. PROCEDURES: review of three charts of preterm newborn infants with gestational age of 33 weeks who had difficulty only in sucking, without associated pathologies. In the analysis of the records, the following data were collected for comparison: birth weight, total days in high-risk, total days in medium risk, tonus, weight-gain, length of speech therapy intervention and hospital discharge. The babies were treated in the ICU of Hospital Regional de Taguatinga in Brasilia / DF. RESULTS: the first newborn (RN1) spent 19 days in high risk, the RN2 spent three days and RN3, four days. The stimulation sucking of RN1 was delayed, because of the several days in high risk, where there is no speech therapy activity. It was difficult for the RN1 to develop its suction reflex and RN1 was discharged with the aid of bank milk. RN2 and RN3 were discharged performing effective suction at mother breast without any recommendation. CONCLUSION: data obtained in this study point out to the effectiveness of speech therapy intervention with respect to early stimulation of sucking in preterm newborn, being related to hospital discharge and to overall development of the newborn. The early stimulation of speech therapy in preterm newborn infants is a key-factor for an effective, pleasant and functional feed in the maternal breast. Besides providing a greater link between mother and baby while in hospital, speech therapy may promote time reduction a for hospital discharge

Control of the Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with entomopathogenic fungi

The beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), considered a worldwide pest in the poultry industry, is difficult to control and it is a vector for pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological control of the lesser mealworm, by strains of fungi Beauveria bassiana, Cladosporium sp. and Trichoderma sp. Larvae and adults of the A. diaperinus were inoculated with suspensions of conidia in the concentration of 10(7) conídia.mL-1. The B. bassiana isolate caused higher insect mortality as compared to Cladosporium sp. and Trichoderma sp. isolates, with the larvae being more susceptible than adults. The entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana was further evaluated with 200 larvae and 200 adults of A. diaperinus inoculated with suspensions 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) conidia.mL-1, and observed for ten days. Larvae mortality started at the fourth day at the lowest concentration, and the adult mortality was only observed on the sixth day at the concentration of 10(8) conidia.mL-1