CONSUMO, DIGESTIBILIDADE E TAXA DE PASSAGEM RUMINAL EM OVELHAS GESTANTES

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da gestação, número de fetos e restrição nutricional no consumo e digestibilidade de alguns componentes químicos e a taxa de passagem ruminal. Foram utilizadas 24 ovelhas aos 90, 110 e 130 dias de gestação, divididas entre os tratamentos em função do número de fetos. Os animais receberam dietas balanceadas ou restritas em 15% nos requisitos de energia e proteína. Ovelhas com dois fetos submetidas à restrição nutricional consumiram mais matéria seca que aquelas com um feto. Aos 130 dias de gestação, houve maior consumo de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro. Ovelhas de gestação dupla apresentam maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes, exceto nas frações fibrosas. A restrição alimentar acarretou menor ingestão de matéria seca. A taxa de passagem ruminal aumenta ao final da gestação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: manejo alimentar; número de fetos; ovinos; pré-parto

Evaluation of the processing of extruded whole soybean and protease in diets for broilers

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a adição de protease em dietas contendo soja integral extrusada (SIE) em diferentes níveis de processamento (sub processada (U-SIE), padrão (S-SIE) e super processada (O-SIE) sobre o desempenho, utilização de nutrientes, morfologia de órgãos do sistema digestório, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e da tripsina jejunal de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de vida (d). No experimento 1, 1560 pintos Cobb com 1-d de vida foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo sem ou com a protease adicionada em 0.12g/kg de ração e 3 SIE (U-SIE, S-SIE ou O-SIE), com 13 repetições cada. No experimento 2, 240 frangos com 22 dias foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em esquema fatorial 2x3, sem ou com a protease e 3 SIE (U-SIE, S-SIE ou O- SIE) com 8 repetições cada. Frangos que consumiram dieta com O-SIE apresentaram (p<0.05) maior peso corporal aos 21 e 42 dias, ganho diário de peso de 1 a 21 e de 1 a 42 dias, e melhor eficiência alimentar de 1 a 42 dias. Os frangos que se alimentaram de dieta com U-SIE apresentam (p<0.05) maior peso absoluto e relativo do pâncreas aos 21 e aos 42 dias, do fígado aos 42 dias, aumento dos hepatócitos e dos ácinos pancreáticos, e menor altura dos vilos (AV) e profundidade das criptas (PC) do intestino delgado. A protease influenciou (p<0.05) a histomorfometria do fígado e pâncreas e melhorou a saúde e integridade intestinal dos frangos ao aumentar a AV e a PC. Animais que consumiram dieta com O-SIE apresentaram maior (p<0.05) digestibilidade da proteína, do extrato etéreo e do fósforo. A energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio das dietas sem a protease foi reduzida (p<0.05) pela U-SIE. O processamento da SIE impacta o desempenho, o aproveitamento dos nutrientes, e a histomorfologia de órgãos do sistema digestório de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias. A adição protease foi eficiente na melhoria do aproveitamento dos nutrientes e em mitigar os efeitos danosos dos fatores antinutricionais da soja sobre o pâncreas, fígado e intestino delgado. Palavras-chave: Soja integral extrusada. Inibidor de tripsina. Hepatócito. Ácino pancreático. Morfometria intestinal.Two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of the addition of protease in diets containing extruded full-fat soybean (EFFS) at different processing levels (under-processed (U-EFFS), standard (S-EFFS), and super processed (O-EFFS)) on performance, nutrient utilization, digestive system organ morphology, antioxidant enzyme activity, and jejunal trypsin of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age (d). In experiment 1, 1560 1- day-old Cobb chicks were distributed entirely at random in a 2x3 factorial scheme, with or without protease added to 0.12g/kg of feed and 3 SIE (sub, normal and super), with 13 replicates each. In experiment 2, 240 22-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to a 2x3 factorial scheme, with or without protease and 3 EFFS (U-EFFS, S-EFFSor O-EFFS) with 8 replicates each. Chickens fed the O-EFFS diet had higher body weight at 21 and 42 days, daily weight gain from 1 to 21 and 1 to 42 days, and better feed efficiency from 1 to 42 days. Broilers fed a diet with U-EFFS had the higher absolute and relative weight of the pancreas at 21 and 42 days, liver at 42 days, increased hepatic hepatocytes and pancreatic acini, and lower villus height (VH) and depth of the crypts (DC) of the small intestine. The protease influenced the histomorphometry of the liver and pancreas and improved the health and intestinal integrity of chickens by increasing HV and DC. Animals that consumed a diet with O-EFFS showed higher (p<0.05) digestibility of protein, ether extract, and phosphorus. The metabolizability of AMEn of diets without protease was reduced (p<0.05) by U-EFFS. EFFS processing impacts performance, nutrient utilization, and digestive system organ histomorphology of liver and pancreas weights of broilers from 1 to 42 days. The protease addition was efficient in improving the utilization of nutrients and in mitigating the harmful effects of soy antinutritional factors on the pancreas, liver, and small intestine. Keywords: Full-fat soybean. Trypsin inhibitor. Hepatocyte. Pancreatic acinus. Villus:crypt.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

In-feed organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on broiler performance and physiological responses

202

Digestible threonine-to-lysine ideal ratio for laying hens fed with low-protein diets from 24 to 40 weeks of age

This trial was performed to determine the dietary digestible threonine-to-lysine (dig. Thr-to-Lys) ideal ratio for laying hens fed with low-protein diets from 24 to 40 weeks of age. At 24 weeks of age, two hundred forty Hy Line W-36 laying hens were randomly assigned to five treatments, represented by five dig Thr-to-Lys ratios (60; 67; 74; 81 and 88%), with eight replicates each one with six hens per experimental unit. Digestible Thr-to-Lys did not affect laying hen performance and egg quality, except for digestible Threonine intake, which showed linear increase as dig. Thr-to-Lys ratios increased. Linear broken-line model was chosen to analyze data according to lack of fit. According to linear broken- linen estimates, digestible Threonine ideal levels for optimum egg production, egg mass, feed efficiency of lysine utilization for egg mass, feed conversion per egg mass and dozens of eggs and nitrogen balance were 0.610; 0.580; 0.614; 0.599; 0.599 and 0.643%, which correspond respectively to dig Thr-to-Lys ratios of 80; 75; 80; 78; 78 and 83%. The digestible threonine-to-lysine ideal ratio for laying hens from 24 to 40 weeks of age is 80%.Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a relação ideal de treonina:lisina digestíveis em rações com baixo nível de proteína bruta para galinhas poedeiras leves de 24 a 40 semanas de idade. Utilizaram-se 240 poedeiras Hy Line W-36 distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (60; 67; 74; 81 e 88%), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. As relações treonina:lisina digestíveis não influenciaram o consumo de ração e de lisina; peso médio dos ovos e seus componentes; ganho de peso e peso corporal final das aves, mas houve efeito linear para o consumo de treonina. O modelo Linear Response Plateau (LRP) foi o que melhor representou a distribuição dos dados para taxa de postura; massa de ovos; eficiência de utilização da lisina por massa; conversão alimentar por massa e por dúzia de ovos; e balanço de nitrogênio. Os platôs ocorrem nos níveis de treonina de 0.61; 0.580; 0.614; 0.599; 0.599 e 0.643%, que corresponde às relações treonina:lisina digestíveis de 80; 75; 80; 78; 78 e 83%, respectivamente. A relação ideal de treonina:lisina digestíveis em rações para galinhas poedeiras leves de 24 a 40 semanas de idade é de 80%

Adjustments in the tetrazolium test methodology for assessing the physiological quality of chickpea seeds

Abstract: Quick tests are essential tools to evaluate seed quality. The objective of this study was to adapt the methodology of tetrazolium test, by identifying the most suitable pre-conditioning parameters of imbibition temperature and duration, and tetrazolium solution concentrations, in order to assess the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. Also, this work proposed the separation of lots in classes, according to the viability and vigor of the seeds. Three lots of chickpeas (lot 1 - BRS Aleppo C1, lot 2 - BRS Aleppo basic, and lot 3 - Cicero) were evaluated. They were analyzed according to three combinations of imbibition temperature and duration (41 °C for 4 hours, 41 ºC for 6 hours, and 30 ºC for 18 hours) and two tetrazolium concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The imbibition at 41 °C for 4 or 6 hours, and at 30 ºC for 18 hours allowed clear visualization of injuries in the seeds after immersion in 0.1% tetrazolium solution. The intense coloration formed by the 0.5% solution of this salt prevented the differentiation of the types of damage. In addition, it was possible to separate the seeds into four classes: class I (viable and vigorous, without damages), class II (viable and vigorous, with superficial injuries), class III (viable and non-vigorous), and class IV (non-viable)

Relação treonina: lisina digestíveis na dieta de poedeiras leves de 42 a 58 semanas de idade

RESUMO Este estudo foi realizado para determinar a relação ideal de treonina:lisina digestíveis para poedeiras leves no período de 42 a 58 semanas de idade. Foram utilizadas 240 poedeiras Hy Line W-36 com 42 semanas de idade durante 16 semanas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas com cinco níveis de treonina digestível (0,461; 0,515; 0,569; 0,622 e 0,676%) proporcionando as cinco relações treonina:lisina digestíveis (60; 67; 74; 81 e 88%) estudadas. As variáveis analisadas foram: produção de ovos; consumo de ração, de lisina e de treonina; massa e peso médio dos ovos; eficiências de utilização da lisina por massa e ovos produzidos; conversões alimentares por massa e dúzia de ovos; pesos médios de: gema, albúmen e de casca; ganho de peso; peso corporal final das aves; e balanço de nitrogênio. As relações treonina:lisina digestíveis na dieta não influenciaram as variáveis analisadas, exceto o consumo de treonina que apresentou efeito linear. A relação ideal de treonina:lisina digestíveis na dieta para galinhas poedeiras leves de 42 a 58 semanas de idade é de 60%, que corresponde ao nível de 0,461% de treonina digestível na dieta e ao consumo diário de treonina digestível de 446mg/ave

Digestible threonine-to-lysine ideal ratio for laying hens fed with low-protein diets from 24 to 40 weeks of age

ABSTRACT: This trial was performed to determine the dietary digestible threonine-to-lysine (dig. Thr-to-Lys) ideal ratio for laying hens fed with low-protein diets from 24 to 40 weeks of age. At 24 weeks of age, two hundred forty Hy Line W-36 laying hens were randomly assigned to five treatments, represented by five dig Thr-to-Lys ratios (60; 67; 74; 81 and 88%), with eight replicates each one with six hens per experimental unit. Digestible Thr-to-Lys did not affect laying hen performance and egg quality, except for digestible Threonine intake, which showed linear increase as dig. Thr-to-Lys ratios increased. Linear broken-line model was chosen to analyze data according to lack of fit. According to linear broken-linen estimates, digestible Threonine ideal levels for optimum egg production, egg mass, feed efficiency of lysine utilization for egg mass, feed conversion per egg mass and dozens of eggs and nitrogen balance were 0.610; 0.580; 0.614; 0.599; 0.599 and 0.643%, which correspond respectively to dig Thr-to-Lys ratios of 80; 75; 80; 78; 78 and 83%. The digestible threonine-to-lysine ideal ratio for laying hens from 24 to 40 weeks of age is 80%

Selenium source and level on performance, selenium retention and biochemical responses of young broiler chicks

202

Broiler responses to copper levels and sources: growth, tissue mineral content, antioxidant status and mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism

BACKGROUND: Five hundred 8-d old male broilers Cobb500 were randomly allotted into 10 treatments in factorial arrangement with 5 Cu levels (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/kg), and 2 sources (Cu proteinate, CuPro and Cu sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O) for a 10-d-experiment. RESULTS: Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better (P < 0.05) in CuPro fed chicks compared with CuSO4.5H2O group. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary Cu increased. A quadratic response (P < 0.05) to Cu levels was found for FCR, being optimized at 9.87 and 8.84 mg Cu/kg in CuPro and CuSO4.5H2O diets, respectively. Copper supplementation linearly increased liver Cu content (P < 0.05) and tended to linearly increase (P = 0.07) phosphorus (P) and copper in tibia. Manganese and zinc were higher (P < 0.05) in tibia of CuPro fed birds. Broilers fed CuPro exhibited lower liver iron (P < 0.05) content, lower activities of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) in breast muscle and liver, and glutathione peroxidase in liver. Glutathione peroxidase reduced linearly (P < 0.05) with CuPro levels and increased linearly (P < 0.05) with CuSO4.5H2O levels and were lower (P < 0.05) in all CuPro levels in breast muscle. Breast muscle malondialdehyde concentration tended to be higher (P = 0.08) in broilers fed CuSO4.5H2O. Copper levels linearly increased (P < 0.05) metallothionein (MT) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) expression in liver, and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate-1 (STEAP-1) in the intestine. Copper elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.050) in AKT-1 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in breast muscle, CuZnSOD in liver and antioxidant 1 copper chaperone (ATOX 1) in intestine. Broilers fed CuPro exhibited higher mRNA expression of mTOR in muscle breast and lower CuZnSOD in liver and ATOX 1 in intestine. Interaction (P < 0.05) between levels and sources was found in mRNA expression for GSK-3β, MT, and CuZnSOD in breast muscle, FAS and LPL in liver and MT and CTR1 in intestine. CONCLUSIONS: CuPro showed beneficial effects on feed conversion and bone mineralization. Organic and inorganic Cu requirements are 9.87 and 8.84 mg Cu/kg, respectively. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03286-5