Veterinary antibiotics and hormones in water from areas given applications of pig slurry

A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos no solo pode provocar degradação ambiental, gerando riscos à saúde humana e animal. Hormônios e antibióticos podem estar presentes nos dejetos aplicados, e quando em contato com seres humanos podem perturbar o sistema endócrino, que consiste na síntese, transporte e produção hormonal. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o transporte destas espécies químicas pelas águas de escoamento superficial e de drenagem no perfil do solo, a partir de dois lisímetros, com sistemas de plantio diferentes, sob aplicação de dejeto líquido de suínos. Para isso, os escoamentos de água foram gerados a partir de chuva simulada com elevada intensidade. As concentrações dos hormônios estrona, estradiol e 17α-etinilestradiol e os antibióticos veterinários toltrazuril, sulfadimidina, doxiciclina, clortetraciclina, tetraciclina e oxitetraciclina foram determinadas com Cromatógrafo Líquido de Alta Eficiência e observou-se apenas 3 ocorrências com concentração acima do limite de detecção, sendo uma de escoamento superficial e duas na drenagem. Foram detectadas ocorrências de hormônios e antibióticos tanto no escoamento superficial quanto no de drenagem abaixo do limite de quantificação. Os resultados não permitiram evidenciar a influencia do sistema de plantio no transporte destas moléculas no solo.The application of pig slurry to soil can lead to environmental degradation, generating risks to human and animal health. Hormones and antibiotics may be present in slurries which may alter the human endocrine system and the synthesis, transport and production of hormones. The present work evaluates the transport of such chemical compounds in surface runoff and water draining through soil, by means of two lysimeters with different soil tillage, that also receive applications of pig slurry. Flows of water were generated using simulated rainfall at high intensity. Concentrations of the hormones estrone, estradiol and 17α-ethynilestradiol, and of the veterinary antibiotics toltrazuril, sulfadimidine, doxycycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline were measured by high-efficiency liquid chromatography. Only three occurrences were observed in which concentrations were above the limit of detection, one in surface runoff and two in soil drainage. Many concentrations of hormones and antibiotics in both surface runoff and soil drainage occurred which were below the limit of quantification. The occurences of hormones and antibiotics were detected in both runoff as the drain below the quantification limit. The results do not show the influence of tillage systems in the transport of these molecules in the soil

Modelo de Avaliação de Obras de Contenção de Pequenos Movimentos de Massa

Mass movements can be the result of elevated precipitation events and inadequate policies of land use. This study aims at diagnosing the performance of a hillside stabilization structure that suffered a landslide in the meteorological event at the Itajaí Valley in 2008, and to propose a simple method for evaluating reinforcement structures of small mass movement. The study area is located at BR”“470 ”“ km 45, near to the city limit of Gaspar and Blumenau, in Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Tests were performed to determine the infiltration rate and soil moisture, as well as a survey of the floristic composition and slope. The mass movement still takes place and the stabilization structure is compromised. The use of gabion wall and other geotechnical techniques for environmental recovery were insufficient to provide the hillside stabilization. To a greater efficiency we suggest: slope reduction; soil compaction; suitable planting species (ecologic succession); and implementation of a comprehensive drainage system.Movimentos de massa podem ser resultantes de eventos de precipitação elevada e de políticas inadequadas de uso do solo. Este estudo teve como objetivo diagnosticar o desempenho de uma obra de estabilização em uma encosta que sofreu movimentação de massa no evento meteorológico do Vale do Itajaí, em 2008, e propor um método simples de avaliação de pequenas obras de contenção. A área de estudo está localizada na BR”“470 ”“ km 45, próxima à divisa do município de Gaspar e Blumenau, em Santa Catarina. Foram realizados ensaios para determinação da taxa de infiltração e umidade do solo, além de um levantamento da composição florística e da declividade da encosta. Verificou-se que o movimento de massa não foi totalmente estabilizado e que o sistema ainda encontra-se comprometido. A utilização do muro gabião e demais medidas de geotecnia e recuperação ambiental não foram suficientes e eficazes para a estabilização da encosta. Para uma maior eficácia sugere-se: o taludamento da encosta; adensament

PERDA DE SOLO EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE PLANTIO POR MEIO DE CHUVAS SIMULADAS EM LISÍMETROS VOLUMÉTRICOS

Sediment production by the rain drop impact and transport caused by runoff have direct consequences on the quality and fertility of soils. Volumetric lysimeters and rain simulators have been used to understand soil erosion. This study aimed to evaluate processes of sediment production and transportation on three types of soil management (no-tillage, conventional tillage and conservation tillage) from simulated rainfall conditions and volumetric lysimeters in Pejuçara - RS, Brazil. The rain erosivity presented high correlation (0.97) with kinetic energy of the rain drops. The conservation tillage presented the lowest concentration of sediments (0.18 to 0.37 mg L-1) and lowest soil loss (0.12 kg ha-1). No-tillage presented 0.35 to 0.91 mg L-1concentration of sediments and 0.25 kg ha-1soil loss. Conventional tillage showed greater sediment concentration (1,82 a 5,59 mg L-1) and soils losses (2,75 kg ha-1).A produção de sedimentos provocada pelo impacto das gotas da chuva e o seu transporte pelo escoamento superficial têm consequências diretas sobre a qualidade e a fertilidade do solo. O uso de simuladores de chuva e de lisímetros volumétricos vêm sendo utilizados para compreender os processos erosivos do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produção e o transporte de sedimentos em três formas de manejo de solo (plantio convencional sem e com mobilização do solo e plantio direto) a partir de chuvas simuladas em lisímetros volumétricos no município de Pejuçara - RS, Brasil. A erosividade da chuva apresentou correlação (0,97) com a energia cinética da chuva. O plantio direto apresentou menor concentração de sedimentos (0,18 a 0,37 mg L-1) e menor perda de solo (0,12 kg ha-1). O plantio convencional sem revolvimento apresentou concentração de sedimentos de 0,35 a 0,91 mg L-1 e perda de solo de 0,25 kg ha-1. O plantio convencional com revolvimento apresentou as maiores concentrações de sedimentos (1,82 a 5,59 mg L-1) e perdas de solo (2,75 kg ha-1)

Stress responses in Crassostrea gasar exposed to combined effects of acute pH changes and phenanthrene

Ocean acidification is a result of the decrease in the pH of marine water, caused mainly by the increase in CO2 released in the atmosphere and its consequent dissolution in seawater. These changes can be dramatic for marine organisms especially for oysters Crassostrea gasar if other stressors such as xenobiotics are present. The effect of pH changes (6.5, 7.0 and 8.2) was assessed on the transcript levels of biotransformation [cytochromes P450 (CYP2AU1, CYP2-like2) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTΩ-like)] and antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD-like), catalase (CAT-like) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx-like)] genes, as well as enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase, (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferases transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)] and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the gills of Crassostrea gasar exposed to 100 μg·L-1 of phenanthrene (PHE) for 24 and 96 h. Likewise, the PHE burdens was evaluated in whole soft tissues of exposed oysters. The accumulation of PHE in oysters was independent of pH. However, acidification promoted a significant decrease in the transcript levels of some protective genes (24 h exposure: CYP2AU1 and GSTΩ-like; 96 h exposure: CAT-like and GPx-like), which was not observed in the presence of PHE. Activities of GST, CAT and SOD enzymes increased in the oysters exposed to PHE at the control pH (8.2), but at a lower pH values, this activation was suppressed, and no changes were observed in the G6PDH activity and MDA levels. Biotransformation genes showed better responses after 24 h, and antioxidant-coding genes after 96 h, along with the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), probably because biotransformation of PHE increases the generation of reactive oxygen species. The lack of change in MDA levels suggests that antioxidant modulation efficiently prevented oxidative stress. The effect of pH on the responses to PHE exposure should be taken into account before using these and any other genes as potential molecular biomarkers for PHE exposure.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio