SERVIDOR HTTP SEGURO EN UN SISTEMA EMBEBIDO

El presente documento describe la implementación de un servidor HTTP con acceso seguro, como un sistema embebido en un FPGA. El acceso al servidor light http es a través de un canal basado en Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), logrando que el servidor sea capaz de enviar y recibir información cifrada. El servidor almacena y recupera la información de una base de datos relacional implementada en el mismo sistema embebido y administrada por SQLite. El servidor y la base de datos son administrados a través del sistema operativo Linux, el cual fue compilado para el procesador PowerPC incrustado en el FPGA. El sistema muestra que es posible crear un servidor WEB embebido en un FPGA con soporte de bases de datos relacionales y acceso por canales seguros, logrando con ello un mayor nivel de seguridad en el almacenamiento y transmisión de información

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL ALGORITMO DE CIFRADO TRIVIUM EN UN SISTEMA EMBEBIDO (AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRIVIUM ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM IN AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM)

En el presente trabajo se muestra la implementación de un sistema embebido capaz de cifrar datos a través del algoritmo TRIVIUM utilizando llaves creadas con criptografía de curvas elípticas. El sistema de cifrado fue implementado bajo el codiseño hardware-software donde las partes computacionalmente costosas fueron llevadas a módulos hardware y agregados a un sistema de cómputo tradicional CPU-RAM, donde un programa convencional se encarga de orquestar el trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que es posible mejorar el rendimiento de una aplicación al utilizar el codiseño hardware-software y además se pueden tener otros beneficios al utilizar tecnologías de implementación que integran todos los módulos del sistema en un único circuito integrado, como un bajo consumo de energía, características ideales para sistemas inalámbricos, móviles o portátiles.The present work shows the implementation of an embedded system able to encrypt data using the TRIVIUM algorithm, with keys generated by means of elliptic curves. The system was designed using hardware-software codesing principles, where computationally expensive modules were implemented in hardware and added to a traditional computing system (CPU-RAM). A conventional program running on the computing system is responsible for orchestrating the work between hardware modules and the CPU. Obtained results show it is possible to improve an application performance by using hardware-software codesign. Additionally, several other benefits can be gained by integrating such solution in a system-on-a-chip such as low power consumption, ideal to wireless and portable systems

ASISTENTE DE CONDUCCIÓN NOCTURNA EN SISTEMA EMBEBIDO CPU-GPU, UTILIZANDO LA TRANSFORMADA WAVELET DISCRETA DE HAAR(NIGHT DRIVING ASSISTANT IN A SYSTEM EMBEDDED CPU-GPU, USING THE HAAR DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM)

ResumenDurante la noche el tráfico vehícular disminuye considerablemente, sin embargo, un número significativo de accidentes ocurren durante este lapso de tiempo, un factor importante a considerar es la disminución visibilidad debido a la mala iluminación. Se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de un sistema de asistencia para conducción nocturna en un sistema embebido. Mediante la Transformada Wavelet Discreta de Haar, se fusionó una imagen convencional con una imagen infrarroja, para así generar una imagen con más información visible para el conductor. Para que estas imágenes fusionadas sean realmente un asistente de conducción, deben ser generadas en el menor tiempo posible, por ello se realizó la paralelización del programa y se  ejecutó en un sistema paralelo embebido CPU-GPU. En este sistema paralelo se realizaron diversos experimentos para generar imágenes fusionadas con diferentes resoluciones, obteniendo aceleraciones en el tiempo de procesamiento de hasta 69x.Palabras Claves: Fusión de imágenes, GPU, Transformada Wavelet Discreta, Sistemas embebidos. AbstractAt night, the vehicular traffic decreases considerably, however, a significant number of accidents occurs, one  problem is the decreased visibility due to poor lighting. This paper presents the design and development of a night driving assistance system. Through the Haar Discrete Wavelet Transform, a conventional image was merged with an infrared image, in order to generate an image with more information visible to the driver. For these merged images to really be a driving assistant, they must be generated in the shortest possible time, so the program was parallelized and executed in a parallel CPU-GPU embedded system. In this parallel system, several experiments were carried out to generate fused images with different resolutions, obtaining accelerations in the processing time of up to 69x.Keywords: Image Fusion, GPU, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Embedded Systems

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society