Climatología de la Atmósfera Libre sobre Costa Rica

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofíscas, 2001A partir de una serie de tiempo de datos aerológicos, de 1972 a 1989, se obtuvo una climatología de la atmósfera libre sobre Costa Rica, con el propósito de actualizar un estudio previo (Grandoso et al., 1981) y poder obtener resultados adicionales. Las características dinámicas y termodinámicas analizadas son producto de mediciones obtenidas directamente del radiosonda, i.e. presión, temperatura, razón de mezcla y viento, y cálculos de otras variables, i.e. geopotencial, temperatura potencial (y estabilidad hidrostática), temperatura potencial equivalente (y estabilidad convectiva), temperatura potencial equivalente de saturación (y estabilidad condicional), humedad relativa, componentes zonal y meridional de viento, y cortante vertical del viento.A time series of aerological data for the 1972-1989 period was used in order to obtain a climatoly of the free atmosphere over Costa Rica, actualizing and complementing a previous study (Grandoso et al., 1981). The analyzed dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics are the result of radiosonde direct measurements (pressure, temperature, mixing ratio and wind) and derived variables such as geopotencial, potential temperature (and hydrostatic stability), equivalent potential temperature (and convective stability), saturation equivalent potential temperature (and conditional stability), relative humidity, zonal and meridional components of wind, and vertical wind shear.Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones GeofísicasLaboratorio de Investigaciones Atmosféricas y PlanetariasInstituto Meteorológico Nacional, Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

Variabilidad interanual y estacional de la atmósfera libre sobre Costa Rica durante eventos de El Niño

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas. 2001Con base en una técnica de composición de anomalías de los campos meteorológicos considerados, se diagnosticaron las principales alteraciones climáticas de la atmósfera libre sobre Costa Rica durante los eventos de El Niño, tales como (i) el mayor calentamiento (enfriamiento) del aire en toda la troposfera (estratosfera), (ii) la disminución de las presiones atmosféricas en superficie, (iii) los mayores valores de la temperatura potencial equivalente (θe) y la mayor profundidad de la capa convectivamente inestable, (iv) la mayor magnitud de los vientos alisios durante el verano y disminución en el invierno, (v) cortante vertical más intensa entre el invierno y el verano, (vi) la fase del oeste (este) en el ecuador se refleja en Costa Rica como una intensificación (debilitamiento) de los vientos dominantes del este, (vii) la señal de la OCB presenta un máximo espectral en el período de 27 meses, es más intensa en 30 hPa y desaparece totalmente en 100 hPa, donde el período del máximo de energía espectral coincide aproximadamente con el ciclo del fenómeno de El Niño.Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones GeofísicasInstituto Meteorológico Nacional, Costa Rica.Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, Costa RicaLaboratorio de Investigaciones Atmosféricas y PlanetariasUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

Relación de las anomalías climáticas de la atmósfera libre sobre Costa Rica y la variabilidad de las precipitaciones durante eventos de El Niño

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas, 2001Utilizando los resultados de Alvarado y Fernández (2001), sobre las principales alteraciones climáticas de la atmósfera libre sobre Costa Rica durante los eventos de El Niño, así como aspectos meteorológicos de mesoescala, escala sinóptica y escala planetaria, se explican las causas físicas de los marcados cambios estacionales e interanuales que experimentan los dos regímenes de precipitación de Costa Rica durante los eventos de El Niño. Se encuentra que las anomalías en este elemento están asociadas con (i) la persistencia durante todo el año de vientos del norte en la troposfera baja y la intensificación (debilitamiento) de los estes en el período estival (invernal), lo cual en conjunción con la orografía refuerzan el efecto Föhn, (ii) el desarrollo de vientos anómalos del oeste en plena estación de verano en la troposfera alta, (iii) la acentuada disminución de la humedad en la troposfera baja y aumento en niveles medios, (iv) el menor tiempo de permanencia en el país de la Zona de Confluencia Intertropical y su ubicación más al sur de lo normal en el Pacífico, (v) el considerable aumento de la cortante vertical durante el período invernal y estival, (vi) los mayores valores que presenta la temperatura potencial equivalente (θe) y la mayor altura de la capa con inestabilidad convectiva, lo cual denota un mayor potencial para convección profunda, (vii) la disminución de la actividad de ciclones tropicales en el Mar Caribe y el aumento en el Océano Pacífico, y (viii) la mayor convergencia en el Caribe Occidental debido a la mayor inestabilidad dinámica asociada con la intensificación del jet de bajo nivel.The main physical causes of the sharp seasonal and inter-annual changes in the two rainfall regimes of Costa Rica during El Niño events are explained by means of the results of Alvarado and Fernández (2001). It is found that the rainfall anomalies are associated with: (i) the persistence of the northerly winds in the lower troposphere and the intensification (weakening) of the easterlies in the summer (winter) period, whose interaction with topography enhances the Föhn effect, (ii) the development of anomalous westerly winds in the upper troposphere during summer, (iii) the sharp decrease of humidity in the lower troposphere and its increase at mid-levels, (iv) the shorter time of permanence over Costa Rica of the ITCZ and its location further South than usual on the Pacific, (v) the considerable increase in wind shear during winter and summer, (vi) the higher values in equivalent potential temperature (qe) and the higher elevation of the convectively unstable layer, which implies a greater potential for deep convection, (vii) the decrease in the tropical cyclone activity in the Caribbean Sea and its increase in the Pacific Ocean, and (viii) the greater convergence in Western Caribbean due to a greater dynamic instability associated to the intensification of the lower level jet.Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones GeofísicasLaboratorio de Investigaciones Atmosféricas y PlanetariasInstituto Meteorológico Nacional, Costa RicaMinisterio del Ambiente y Energía, Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

Frecuencia de los ciclones tropicales que afectaron a Costa Rica durante el siglo XX

Se estudia la frecuencia de ciclones tropicales que pasaron por el Mar Caribe y que afectaron indirectamente a Costa Rica durante el siglo XX. De un total de 125 ciclones, ninguno de ellos pasó sobre Costa Rica, siendo la tormenta tropical Bret en 1993 la que más se acercó. El huracán Gilbert en 1988, de categoría 5, fue el más intenso; sin embargo se considera al huracán Joan, durante ese mismo año, como el que causó efectos más severos sobre Costa Rica. Al huracán Mitch en 1998 se le cataloga como el más desastroso a nivel de Centroamérica y el que más lluvias dejó en Costa Rica por efecto orográfico. La década con mayor (menor) frecuencia de huracanes fue la de los años 40 (80), en donde la modulación de esta frecuencia podría deberse al efecto combinado de variaciones interanuales e interdecadales en el Pacífico Tropical del Este y en el Atlántico Tropical Norte. Se concluye que la intensidad de un temporal en Costa Rica debido a un huracán o una tormenta tropical no necesariamente está directamente relacionada con la magnitud del evento ciclónico, sino también con la posición que éste ocupe respecto al istmo y con su velocidad de avance sobre el Mar Caribe.It is studied the tropical cyclone frequency in the Caribbean Sea that affected Costa Rica during the XX century. None of the 125 cyclones passed over Costa Rica, being the closest track the 1993 tropical storm Bret. The 1988, category 5, hurricane Gilbert was the more intense, however the hurricane Joan during the same year is considered the cyclone with the most severe damage over Costa Rica. Hurricane Mitch in 1998 is cataloged as the cyclone with ore damages in Central America and with more rain accumulated by topographic effects. The 40s (80s) was the decade with more (less) hurricane frequency. The modulation of this aspect could be the combination of interannual and interdecadal variability in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and Tropical North Atlantic. It is concluded that the intensity of a temporal in Costa Rica is not directly associated with cyclone’s magnitude because it depends also on the relative cyclone’s position and its velocity over the Caribbean Sea.Universidad de Costa Rica/[805-96-279]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[112-99-305]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Físic

Seasonal prediction of extreme precipitation events and frequency of rainy days over Costa Rica, Central America, using Canonical Correlation Analysis

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas, 2013High mountains divide Costa Rica, Central America, into two main climate regions, the Pacific and Caribbean slopes, which are lee and windward, respectively, according to the North Atlantic trade winds – the dominant wind regime. The rain over the Pacific slope has a bimodal annual cycle, having two maxima, one in May–June and the other in August-September-October (ASO), separated by the midsummer drought in July. A first maximum of deep convection activity, and hence a first maximum of precipitation, is reached when sea surface temperature (SST) exceeds 29 C (around May). Then, the SST decreases to around 1 C due to diminished downwelling solar radiation and stronger easterly winds (during July and August), resulting in a decrease in deep convection activity. Such a reduction in deep convection activity allows an increase in down welling solar radiation and a slight increase in SST (about 28.5 C) by the end of August and early September, resulting once again in an enhanced deep convection activity, and, consequently, in a second maximum of precipitation. Most of the extreme events are found during ASO. Central American National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHS) have periodic Regional Climate Outlook Fora (RCOF) to elaborate seasonal predictions. Recently, meetings after RCOF with different socioeconomic stakeholders took place to translate the probable climate impacts from predictions. From the feedback processes of these meetings has emerged that extreme event and rainy days seasonal predictions are necessary for different sectors. As is shown in this work, these predictions can be tailored using Canonical Correlation Analysis for rain during ASO, showing that extreme events and rainy days in Central America are influenced by interannual variability related to El Ni˜no-Southern Oscillation and decadal variability associated mainly with Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Analyzing the geographical distribution of the ASO- 2010 disaster reports, we noticed that they did not necessarily agree with the geographical extreme precipitation event distribution, meaning that social variables, like population vulnerability, should be included in the extreme events impact analysis.Universidad de Costa Rica. Instituto de Investigaciones GeofísicasInstituto Costarricense de ElectricidadUniversity of Costa Rica, Graduate Program in Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Costa Rica, Center for Research in Marine Sciences and LimnologyUniversity of Costa Rica, School of PhysicsNational Meteorological InstituteUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

Evaluación de modelos numéricos de Tercera Generación para el pronóstico del oleaje en Centroamérica y México

Artículo científico -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas, 2001The evaluation and implementation of two public domain wave spectral models: SWAN and WAM to be used in hindcasting and forecasting in the Central American region are presented. The typical model characteristics are analyzed using simulations for simple bathymetric cases. The model responses are evaluated using boundary conditions in the Caribbean region including extreme meteorological conditions like hurricanes. Those natural phenomena’s are of great importance given the historical frequency impacts in the region. The SWAN model shows some difficulties to propagate wave energy in big areas generating some wave height and direction anomalies mainly around islands or in low interpolated depth values. The numerical schemes and the different model’s variable parameterizations are responsible for the different spatial energy propagation found in some applications in this study. An integrated system could be working for the whole region where the wave information is necessary in activities like fishing, marine transit and transport, port operations and tourist activities.Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones GeofísicasPrograma de Intercambio Académico, CICESE, México.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI

La magia de tus pensamientos : poesías & cuentos

Recopilación de poesías y cuentos realizados por aprendices del SENA de los programas de Mantenimiento de Motores Diesel, Técnico en Sistemas, Automatización Industrial, Electricidad Industrial, Diseño e Integración de Automatismos Mecatrónicos, Mantenimiento de Equipo Biomédico, Animación 3D, Manejo Ambiental, Diseño e integración de Automatismos Mecatrónicos y Mantenimiento mecatrónico automotriz, entre 2015 y 2017.Poesías 2018 -- Dándome tu vida / Brayan Orlando Jaimes Chaparro -- Tierra infinita / Christian Ricardo Caballero Villamizar -- Lamento a la tierra / Jeferson Alexis Montoya Moreno -- Conciencia por favor / Daniel Rincón -- Salvar un hogar llamado tierra / William Gamboa Arguello -- Planeta tierra / Iván Arley jurado -- Salvemos nuestro planeta / Jonathan David Silva -- Tierra bella / Martin Santiago -- Mi planeta / Fabián Moreno -- Generando conciencia / José Alberto Lizarazo -- Añoranza / Javier Casanova -- Sin tierra… / Gustavo Andrés Rodríguez Mendoza -- Planeta vivo y limpio / Yesid Serrano -- Palabras del destino / Osneider David Hernández Otalvaro -- Planeta tierra / Luis Fernando Isidro -- Medio ambiente / Yorgin David Hernández -- Prevenir / Brayan Mauricio Sanmiguel Luengas -- Nada será cómo antes / Jaime Andres Rodriguez Parrado -- Yo…Sol / Jonathan Bautista -- Lamento / Héctor Mauricio Parra Cuesta -- Nuestro hogar / Juan José Amaya -- Te agradecemos / Edwin Andrés Navarro Rozo, Anderson Cardozo Villamizar -- HErmoso milagro / Jhonatan Jaimes Solano -- El creador / Ana Rosa Hernández Santana -- Cuentos 2015 -- Juventud en la zona azul / Jeniffer Solano Ardila -- Los Ucayali y los Cubeo / Oscar Ivan Rueda Quintero -- Vientos de armonía / Ever Edinson Monsalve Salcedo -- El nacimiento de una nueva era / Carlos Leonardo Ardila Alvarado -- Luz de sueños / Hugo Andrés Álvarez -- Sol de medio día / Claudia Ramírez Guarín -- Cuentos 2016 -- Mucha verraquera mano / Héctor Josué Amado Sandoval -- El viaje de irse y nunca volver / Dayana Marcela Fuentes Duran -- “Santander es hermosa” / Kelly Tatiana Pabón Blanco -- Los valores del SENA / Ana Rosa Hernandez Santana -- La fuerza del espiritu y el deseo de cambiar / Pablo Andrés Capera Rodríguez -- SENA, paz y reconciliación / Adrián Benítez R., Rubén Darío Martínez -- Cuentos 2017 -- Cartas a un pasado / Angelita Delgado Pérez -- ¿Por qué así? ¿por qué tan blanco? ¿por qué no de otra manera? / Cristian Felipe Vargas Buenahora -- El gato pacho pacho, el gato más pacho de todos los pachos / Edwin Matajira García -- Freeland “el paraíso perdido” / Dámaso Antonio Morales Palacin -- Un mundo al revés / Fabio Eduardo Contreras Piñeresna91 página

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Generation of monthly precipitation climatologies for Costa Rica using irregular rain-gauge observational networks

Precipitation climatologies for the period 1961-1990 were generated for all climatic regions of Costa Rica using an irregular rain-gauge observational network comprised by 416 rain-gauge stations. Two sub-networks were defined: a high temporal resolution sub-network (HTR), including stations having at least 20 years of continuous records during the study period (157 in total); and a high spatial resolution sub-network (HSR), which includes all HTR-stations plus those stations with less than 20 years of continuous records (416 in total). Results from the kriging variance reduction efficiency (KRE) objective function between the two sub-networks, show that ordinary kriging (OK) is unable to fully explain the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation within most climatic regions if only stations from the HTR sub-network are used. Results also suggests that in most cases, it is beneficial to increase the density of the rain-gauge observational network at the expense of temporal fidelity, by including more stations even though their records may not represent the same time step. Thereafter, precipitation climatologies were generated using seven deterministic (IDW, TS2, TS2PARA, TS2LINEAR, TPS, MQS and NN) and two geostatistical (OK and KED) interpolation methods. Performance of the various interpolation methods was evaluated using cross validation technique, selecting the mean absolute error (MAE) and the root-mean square error (RMSE) as agreement metrics. Results suggest that IDW is marginally superior to OK and KED for most climatic regions. The remaining deterministic methods however, considerably deviate from IDW, which suggests that these methods are incapable of properly capturing the true-nature of spatial precipitation patterns over the considered climatic regions. The final generated IDW climatology was then validated against the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), Climate Research Unit (CRU) andWorldClim datasets, in which overall spatial and temporal coherence is considered satisfactory, giving assurance about the use this new climatology in the development of local climate impact studies

TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DE CONEXCEL S.A. VS. COMUNICACION CELULAR S.A. (COMCEL S.A.)

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