Como as mudanças na posse de bens afetam o Indicador Econômico Nacional em 10 anos?

OBJECTIVE Our main objective was to analyse how the evolution of household assets ownership affected the Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN – National Wealth index) and to point out the most stable assets and which lost importance more quickly. METHODS We analysed the trend of the ownership of each IEN variable and the distribution of the households’ scores. We calculated the correlation coefficients of each variable separately with the IEN score and the household income. We also evaluated how the changes of the score distribution over time affected the validity of the published reference cut-points. We used data from consortium surveys conducted every two years from 2002 to 2014 in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. RESULTS An increase in the educational level of household heads and in the ownership of all IEN assets, except radio and telephone, was observed in the study period. In general, the correlation of the assets with the IEN scores decreased over time. There was an increase in the score, with a consequent increase in the quintiles cut-points, but the distance between these cut-points had no significant variation. Thus, the reference cut-points for Pelotas, quickly became outdated. CONCLUSIONS Some assets showed greatly reduction on its importance for the indicator, and the reference cut-points became obsolete very quickly. It is essential for a standardized wealth (or asset) index with research purposes to be updated frequently, especially the cut-points of reference distribution.OBJETIVO Analisar como a evolução temporal da posse de bens domésticos afetou o Indicador Econômico Nacional e como essas mudanças afetaram o poder discriminatório do indicador. MÉTODOS Analisou-se a evolução temporal da posse de cada uma das variáveis do Indicador Econômico Nacional, bem como da distribuição do escore dos domicílios. Utilizamos dados de inquéritos populacionais realizados bienalmente no município de Pelotas, RS, de 2002 a 2014. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação de cada variável isoladamente com o escore do Indicador Econômico Nacional e com a renda familiar. Avaliamos também como a variação da distribuição do escore ao longo do tempo afetou a validade da utilização dos pontos de corte de referência publicados. RESULTADOS Houve aumento da escolaridade dos chefes das famílias e da posse de todos os bens, exceto rádio e linha telefônica no período. A correlação dos bens com o Indicador Econômico Nacional reduziu com o tempo. O escore aumentou, com consequente incremento nos pontos de corte dos quintis, mas a distância entre os pontos não teve variação importante. Assim, os pontos de corte de referência publicados para Pelotas rapidamente ficaram desatualizados. CONCLUSÕES Alguns bens perderam a capacidade discriminatória e os pontos de corte ficaram obsoletos rapidamente. É essencial um indicador de bens padronizado para uso em pesquisa, que seja atualizado com frequência, em especial os pontos de corte da distribuição de referência

Role of Adiponectin in Coronary Heart Disease Risk:A Mendelian Randomization Study

RATIONALE: Hypoadiponectinemia correlates with several coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. However, it is unknown whether adiponectin is causally implicated in CHD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the causal effect of adiponectin on CHD risk. METHODS AND RESULTS: We undertook a Mendelian randomization study using data from genome-wide association studies consortia. We used the ADIPOGen consortium to identify genetic variants that could be used as instrumental variables for the effect of adiponectin. Data on the association of these genetic variants with CHD risk were obtained from CARDIoGRAM (22 233 CHD cases and 64 762 controls of European ancestry) and from CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip (63 746 cases and 130 681 controls; ≈ 91% of European ancestry) consortia. Data on the association of genetic variants with adiponectin levels and with CHD were combined to estimate the influence of blood adiponectin on CHD risk. In the conservative approach (restricted to using variants within the adiponectin gene as instrumental variables), each 1 U increase in log blood adiponectin concentration was associated with an odds ratio for CHD of 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.68–1.01) in CARDIoGRAM and 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.12) in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Metabochip. Findings from the liberal approach (including variants in any locus across the genome) indicated a protective effect of adiponectin that was attenuated to the null after adjustment for known CHD predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings do not support a causal role of adiponectin levels in CHD pathogenesis

Produção científica em saúde coletiva: perfil dos periódicos e avaliação pela Capes

Collective Health is characteristically a broad and complex field of study, presenting itself as a major challenge for the evaluation process carried out by Capes. The aim of the present work was to provide a panorama of postgraduate education in the field of collective health and to discuss aspects of the criteria adopted for its evaluation. The evaluation of postgraduate programs is carried out on a yearly basis. For this, program structure, its academic staff and students, research and teaching activities, theses and dissertations, and intellectual production are taken into account. The evaluation of the latter has been subject of criticism for favoring the publication of papers and for basing ranking of production on journal indexing and impact factors. Despite criticisms and reservations towards the evaluation process, the analysis of the Brazilian scientific production, in general and in the case of Collective Health, shows a very positive scenario, with an important increase in the number of postgraduate courses, teachers, and students. Thus, the panorama of postgraduate programs is favorable, but continuously rethinking and perfecting the evaluation process is essential to guarantee its contribution to the growth and strengthening of the system.A saúde coletiva se caracteriza como campo do conhecimento abrangente e complexo, apresentando-se como desafio para o processo de avaliação da pós-graduação realizado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever o panorama da pós-graduação em saúde coletiva e discutir aspectos dos critérios de sua avaliação. A avaliação da pós-graduação é realizada anualmente, levando em conta a estrutura do programa, corpo docente e discente, atividades de pesquisa e formação, teses e dissertações e produção intelectual. A avaliação deste último item tem sido criticada por privilegiar a publicação de artigos e ancorar a valoração da produção nas bases de indexação dos periódicos e nos seus índices de impacto. Apesar das críticas e restrições ao processo de avaliação, a análise da produção científica brasileira, no geral e no caso específico da saúde coletiva, mostra um quadro positivo, com aumento expressivo do número de cursos de pós-graduação, docentes e alunos. Assim, o panorama da pós-graduação se apresenta favorável, mas aperfeiçoar a avaliação continuamente é essencial para que ela cumpra o seu papel de fomento e estímulo

Atividade física de lazer entre as gestantes da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity during pregnancy is a poorly investigated subject on population level. The study aimed to describe duration, type and frequency of leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy, and to explore its associated factors. METHODS: A population-based study was carried out during 2004 in Southern Brazil. A total of 4,471 mothers were interviewed soon after delivery. Physical activity was measured using a questionnaire, developed for the study. Results were obtained by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In the sample, 14.8% of women reported to engage in some type of physical activity prior to pregnancy and 12.9% during pregnancy. In the first trimester, 10.4% of all mothers engaged in some type of physical activity; 8.5% in the second trimester and 6.5% in the third trimester. Only 194 mothers (4.3%) were active during the whole pregnancy. In the adjusted analysis, leisure-time physical activity was positively associated with schooling, physical activity advice during prenatal care, and family income (pOBJETIVO: A atividade física durante a gestação é pouco estudada em nível populacional. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a duração, tipo e freqüência de atividade física de lazer durante a gravidez e explorar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo de base populacional, realizado durante o ano de 2004 em Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Logo após o parto, 4.471 mães foram entrevistadas. Utilizou-se questionário, desenvolvido para o estudo, para verificar a atividade física de lazer. Os resultados foram obtidos por regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Antes da gravidez, 14,8% das mulheres relataram algum tipo de atividade física de lazer e durante, 12,9%. No primeiro trimestre, 10,4% de todas as mães fizeram alguma atividade física de lazer; no segundo, 8,5% e no terceiro, 6,5%. Apenas 194 mães (4,3%) foram ativas durante toda a gestação. Na análise ajustada, atividade física de lazer esteve positivamente associada com escolaridade, aconselhamento para atividade física durante o pré-natal e renda familiar (

What are the sources of contraceptives for married and unmarried adolescents: Health services or friends? Analysis of 59 low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundDespite the efforts to promote universal coverage for family planning, inequalities are still high in several countries. Our aim was to identify which sources of contraceptives women mostly rely on in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We also explored the different sources according to age and marital status.MethodsWe used data from national health surveys carried out in 59 LMICs since 2010. Among all sexually active women at reproductive age, we explored inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods (mDFPS) and in the source of modern contraceptives according to women's age, classified as: 15–19, 20–34, or 35–49 years of age. Among adolescents, mDFPS and source of method were explored by marital status, classified as married or in union and not married nor in a union.ResultsmDFPS was lower among adolescents than among adult women in 28 of the 59 countries. The lowest levels of mDFPS among adolescents were identified in Albania (6.1%) and Chad (8.2%). According to adolescents' marital status, the pattern of inequalities in mDFPS varied widely between regions, with married and unmarried adolescents showing similar levels of coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean, higher coverage among unmarried adolescents in Africa, and lower coverage among unmarried adolescents in Asia. Public and private health services were the main sources, with a lower share of the public sector among adolescents in almost all countries. The proportion of adolescents who obtained their contraceptives in the public sector was lower among unmarried girls than married ones in 31 of the 38 countries with data. Friends or relatives were a more significant source of contraceptives among unmarried compared to married adolescents in all regions.ConclusionsOur findings indicate lower levels of mDFPS and lower use of the public sector by adolescents, especially unmarried girls. More attention is needed to provide high-quality and affordable family planning services for adolescents, especially for those who are not married

Indicador econômico para o Brasil baseado no censo demográfico de 2000

OBJECTIVE: To propose an asset based indicator of wealth for Brazil using variables present in the demographic census. METHODS: The indicator, named IEN (Indicador Econômico Nacional/ National Wealth Score), was developed using 12 assets and the schooling of the household head, through principal component analysis. Data from the 2000 Brazilian Demographic sample was used for deriving the score and for the calculation of decile cut-off points. RESULTS: The indicator, first component obtained from the analysis with the 13 variables, retained 38% of the total variability, and presented a Spearman correlation of 0,74 with total family income and of 0,67with per capita income. The necessary scores to calculate the indicator are presented, as well as reference distributions for the 27 states and their capitals, the five major regions as for the whole country. An example of use of indicator is presented. CONCLUSIONS: Differently from other economic indicators, the Indicador Econômico Nacional has local reference distributions available, along with the national distribution. It is therefore possible to compare a study sample to the municipal, state or country distribution. The small number of variables allow investigators to calculate the Indicador Econômico Nacional in research studies where economic classification is of interest.OBJETIVO: Propor um indicador econômico para o Brasil baseado em bens de consumo usando variáveis presentes no censo demográfico de 2000. MÉTODOS: O indicador, denominado Indicador Econômico Nacional (IEN), foi desenvolvido a partir de 12 bens e a escolaridade do chefe de família, por meio de análise de componentes principais. Dados da amostra do Censo Demográfico Brasileiro de 2000, realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, foram usados para gerar o indicador e para o cálculo dos pontos de corte dos decis de referência. RESULTADOS: O indicador, primeiro componente obtido da análise, reteve 38% da variabilidade total e apresentou correlação de Spearman de 0,74 com a renda total do domicílio e de 0,67 com a renda per capita. Os coeficientes necessários para calcular o indicador são apresentados, assim como as distribuições de referência para 27 capitais e Estados, as cinco regiões e o País. Apresenta-se um exemplo de como se usa o indicador. CONCLUSÕES: Diferentemente de outros indicadores econômicos disponíveis, o IEN tem as distribuições de referência publicadas, para capitais, Estados, Regiões, bem como a distribuição nacional. Torna-se possível, portanto, comparar a amostra estudada à distribuição municipal, estadual ou nacional. O número reduzido de variáveis torna fácil o cálculo do Indicador Econômico Nacional para investigadores envolvidos em pesquisas onde é importante a classificação econômica