The control of animal brucellosis in Malta

Little publicity has so far been given to the work done in Malta in recent years towards the control of animal brucellosis, especially brucellosis in goats. This article describes work carried out between September 1956, and April 1968 at the Brucellosis Laboratory, Government Farm, Ghammieri, and on farms in Malta and Gozo. It is based on a report about to be submitted to the Government of Malta by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. This organisation has done much to assist the work, especially in the last four years. During the course of this work the incidence of human brucellosis in Malta showed a marked and constant decline and it is considered that some of this decline must have resulted from the measures taken to control caprine brucellosis. The F.A.O. report contains a number of recommendations which it is hoped will help to bring the campaign for the eradication of brucellosis from Malta to a successful conclusion. The achievement of this objective would be a considerable event in Malta's history.peer-reviewe

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Southern Pine and Ponderosa Pine

Pine wood and bark were extracted with supercritical (SC) carbon dioxide under various experimental conditions. The extractive yields ranged from 20-60% relative to the total diethyl ether extractive content. The yields were dependent on temperature, pressure, particle size, and fluid to wood ratio. The addition of ethanol to bark particles prior to SC CO2 extraction produced higher yields of extracts relative to extractions without the addition of ethanol. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of selected SC carbon dioxide extracts revealed that the concentration of resin acids, as well as the yield of pure abietic acid, increased with temperature at constant pressure. Fatty acids were more soluble in SC carbon dioxide relative to diethyl ether. The concentration of fatty acids in SC carbon dioxide extracts did not appear to follow definite trends. In addition, observation of the wood particles with scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the supercritical extraction process did not appear to significantly alter the wood surface structure

Quark Number Susceptibility and Thermodynamics in HTL approximation

In HTL perturbation theory we obtain leading order quark number susceptibility as a response to an external disturbance, viz., chemical potential (\mu) that generates density fluctuation, which is related to the correlation function through the thermodynamic sum rule associated with the symmetry of the system. We also obtain various thermodynamic quantities in leading order.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Talk given at the 6th ICPAQGP-2010, Goa, India, December 6-10, 201

Chemical Variation In Lodgepole Pine With Sapwood/Heartwood, Stem Height, and Variety

The chemical variation in lodgepole pine over its geographical range with sapwood/heartwood, stem height, and variety was investigated. In both varieties, latifolia and murrayana, the heartwood was significantly higher in extractives than the sapwood, whereas the sapwood was significantly higher in holocellulose and alpha-cellulose than the heartwood. The sapwood and heartwood did not differ in pH and lignin content.Ash, lignin, and holocellulose content were positively correlated with stem height in latifolia and murrayana. Extractive and alpha-cellulose content were negatively correlated with stem height. The stem height variations appeared to be related to the heartwood/sapwood ratio, proportion of mature and juvenile wood, and the specific gravity.The variation between latifolia and murrayana in ash, extractive, and lignin content and pH was small. In contrast, the holocellulose and alpha-cellulose content was 2% higher in murrayana than in latifolia. The polysaccharide variation may be influenced by climate and site conditions as well as genetic differences

Is Brucella Melitensis Rev. 1 Vaccine Dangerous

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.No abstract (available)

Plasma As A High-charge-state Projectile Stripping Medium

The classical trajectory Monte Carlo model has been used to computationally study the charge-state distributions that result from interactions between a high-energy, multielectron projectile and neutral and fully ionized targets. These studies are designed to determine the properties of a plasma for producing highly stripped ions as a possible alternative to gas and foil strippers that are commonly used to enhance the charge states of energetic ion beams. The results of these studies clearly show that a low-atomic-number, highly ionized plasma can yield higher charge states than a neutral target of the same density. The effect is principally attributable to the reduction in the number of available electron-capture channels. In this article, we compare the charge-state distributions that result during passage of a 20-MeV Pb projectile through neutral gas and fully ionized (singly charged) plasma strippers and estimate the effects of multiple scattering on the quality of the beam. © 1992 The American Physical Society

The Sputter Generation of Negative Ion Beams

A brief review is given of recent progress toward a quantitative understanding of negative ion formation by sputtering from surfaces covered with fractional layers of highly electropositive adsorbates. Practical models developed for estimating changes in work functions {Delta}{phi} by electropositive adsorbates are described. The secondary negative ion generation process is examined through the use of composite energy/velocity dependent analytical models. These models are used to illustrate the effect of work function on the energy distributions of negative ions sputter ejected from a polycrystalline molybdenum surface covered with fractional layers of cesium. Predictions are also made of the functional dependence of the probability for negative ion formation on cesium coverage. The models predict energy distributions which are in basic disagreement with experimental observations, implying their inappropriateness for describing the sputter negative ion generation process. We have also developed a model for calculating sputter ratios based on the use of simple scaling procedures to bring Sigmund theory into close agreement with experimental observation accounting for the threshold effect. Scaling factors for projectile energies E > 1000 eV are found to be independent of energy while those for projectile energies E{sub th} < E < 1000 eV were found to be energy dependent. In this study, the model and scaling techniques utilized to bring Sigmund theory into agreement with experiment are discussed in detail and several examples provided which illustrate the versatility, accuracy and utility of the model. In the present report, we describe the model and apply it to the case of sputtering a selected number of metals with energetic cesium ions. In particular, we present sputter ratio information for a number of Cs-projectile/metal-target combinations; the targets are bombarded at normal incidence to the surface

Broadband Frequency ECR Ion Source Concepts with Large Resonant Plasma Volumes

New techniques are proposed for enhancing the performances of ECR ion sources. The techniques are based on the use of high-power, variable-frequency, multiple-discrete-frequency, or broadband microwave radiation, derived from standard TWT technology, to effect large resonant ``volume`` ECR sources. The creation of a large ECR plasma ``volume`` permits coupling of more power into the plasma, resulting in the heating of a much larger electron population to higher energies, the effect of which is to produce higher charge state distributions and much higher intensities within a particular charge state than possible in present forms of the ECR ion source. If successful, these developments could significantly impact future accelerator designs and accelerator-based, heavy-ion-research programs by providing multiply-charged ion beams with the energies and intensities required for nuclear physics research from existing ECR ion sources. The methods described in this article can be used to retrofit any ECR ion source predicated on B-minimum plasma confinement techniques