Engaging and disengaging recurrent inhibition coincides with sensing and unsensing of a sensory stimulus

AbstractEven simple sensory stimuli evoke neural responses that are dynamic and complex. Are the temporally patterned neural activities important for controlling the behavioral output? Here, we investigated this issue. Our results reveal that in the insect antennal lobe, due to circuit interactions, distinct neural ensembles are activated during and immediately following the termination of every odorant. Such non-overlapping response patterns are not observed even when the stimulus intensity or identities were changed. In addition, we find that ON and OFF ensemble neural activities differ in their ability to recruit recurrent inhibition, entrain field-potential oscillations and more importantly in their relevance to behaviour (initiate versus reset conditioned responses). Notably, we find that a strikingly similar strategy is also used for encoding sound onsets and offsets in the marmoset auditory cortex. In sum, our results suggest a general approach where recurrent inhibition is associated with stimulus ‘recognition’ and ‘derecognition’.</jats:p

Ventilatör Ilişkili Pnömoni ile Gastroözofageal Reflü ve Trakeabronşial Aspirasyon Arasındaki Ilişki

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and microaspiration of gastric contents has been proposed as an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) but properties of GER in intensive care unit (ICU) and how these effect VAP is not completely elucidated. Aim: This study aims to assess the association between GER and VAP by defining the proximal extension and chemical properties of GER and its association with gastropulmonary microaspiration in intubated patients. Methods: Intubated patients in ICU were included in this study. Patients who had pneumonia at the time of intubation or who were diagnosed with pneumonia during the first 48 hours after intubation were excluded. Pepsin measurements were made on samples obtained by deep tracheal aspiration (DTA) and a combined esophageal intraluminal impedance/pHmetry catheters were placed. Impedance/pH values and pepsin levels were compared between VAP and nonVAP patients. Results: VAP patients had more proximal reflux ((7 (2 – 14) vs. 3,5 (0 – 8)) (p=0,003). Proximal weakly acidic reflux was more common in VAP patients (4,5 (2 - 9) vs 2 (0 - 4) (p=0,006). Pepsin levels in DTA samples were correlated with total weakly acidic reflux (r=0,615 , p=0,004) Pepsin levels were also correlated with total proximal and proximal weakly acidic reflux(r=0,489 , p=0,029 ; r=0,651 , p=0,002 ). PaO2/FiO2 ratio was negatively correlated with both pepsin levels and proximal weakly acidic reflux (r= - 0,585 , p=0,007 ; r=- 0,620 , p=0,004). Conclusion: Proximal extension of GER, especially proximal weakly acidic reflux, was more common among VAP patients and this was associated with pepsin levels in DTAs as a marker of gastropulmonary microaspiration. GER also seems to be negatively correlated with respiratoy function in intubated patients.Giriş: Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni (VİP) patogenezinde gastroözofageal reflü (GÖR) ve gastrik materyalin mikroaspirasyonu önemli bir sorundur. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde (YBÜ) yatan hastalarda reflü mayisinin özelliklerinin VİP gelişimine etkisi net olarak bilinmemektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışmada entübe hastalarda GÖR ile VİP arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi için GÖR’ün proksimal yayılımı ve kimyasal özelliklerinin tanımlanması ve gastropulmoner mikroaspirasyon arasındaki ilişkinin aydınlatılması hedeflendi. Metod: YBÜ’de pnömoni dışı nedenlerle entübe olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. 3. gün derin trakeal aspirasyon (DTA) yapılarak pepsin düzeyi ölçümü yapıldı ve kombine özofageal intraluminal elektriksel impedans/pHmetre kateteri yerleştirildi. Elde edilen impedans/pH değerleri ve pepsin düzeyi açısından VİP olanlar ile olmayanlar arasındaki farklar incelendi. Bulgular: VİP olan hastalarda proksimal reflü ve proksimal zayıf asidik reflü VİP olmayanlara göre sıktı ((7 (2 – 14) ; 3,5 (0 – 8) (p=0,003). 4,5 (2 - 9) ; 2 (0 - 4) (p=0,006)). Pepsin düzeyleri ile zayıf asidik reflü sıklığı arasında bir korelasyon gözlendi (r=0,615 , p=0,004). Pepsin düzeyleri ile toplam proksimal reflü ve proksimal zayıf asidik reflü arasında bir korelasyon gözlendi (r=0,489 , p=0,029 ; r=0,651 , p=0,002 ). PaO2/FiO2 oranı ile pepsin düzeyleri ve proksimal zayıf asidik reflü arasında negatif bir korelasyon gözlendi (r=- 0,585 , p=0,007 ; r=- 0,620 , p=0,004). Sonuçlar: GÖR’ün, özellikle zayıf asidik reflünün proksimal yayılımı VİP olan hastalarda VİP olmayanlara göre daha sıktır ve bu durum bir gastropulmoner mikroaspirasyon göstergeci olan DTA’da pepsin düzeyi ile ilişkilidir. Ayrıca entübe hastalarda GÖR’ün, solunum fonksiyonları ile negatif korele olduğu gözükmektedir

Türkiye İş Bankası Ankara genel merkez binasının mimari özellikleri ve tarihi

Ankara : İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, 2014.This work is a student project of the The Department of History, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University.by Ünal, Melike

Young GI Societies in Europe: 2019 update

Abstract Background: One of the aims of the Young Talent Group (YTG) is to make United European Gastroenterology (UEG) more attractive to young fellows interested in gastroenterology (GI), and to actively involve them in UEG activities and the activities of their respective national societies. In 2017, we conducted a survey among the Friends of the UEG YTG with the aim of identifying the state of organization and needs of Young GI Sections (YGISs) throughout Europe, highlighting areas for further development and improvement. Aims: The aim of the current web-based survey was to assess the progress of YGISs over 1 year, and persisting hurdles in forming and running a YGIS. Results: Overall, 38 of 42 Friends answered the survey (91%). The number of YGISs has increased significantly from 12 in 2017 to 25 in 2019. Young gastroenterologists remained supported, but not influenced, by national societies. Results of the survey suggest that a lack of dedicated and motivated fellows has replaced a lack of funding as the most prevalent hurdle in forming these types of sections. Conclusion: Our survey shows that the development of YGISs has improved markedly within the last 2 years. However, several limitations, like underrepresentation in subcommittees of national societies, remain and need to be addressed in order to involve young gastroenterologists in their respective national societies and within UEG, to pave the way for future research, education and excellent quality of care, and reduce health inequalities across Europe