Five Managers, Five Continents, Perspectives Shared

Wildlife management and conservation are dynamic, solving problems on landscapes where people live, work and recreate. Manager to manager exchanges are as relevant to advancing conservation knowledge as professional publications, but have yet to reach the same institutional/cultural application within our profession. Many in the world focus on total protection and protected areas as the basis for conservation, i.e. the Yellowstone model. Today, a new focus is emerging on conservation through management, recognizing that most of the world’s land base occurs outside of protected areas. This presentation will focus on shared experiences between wildlife managers on five continents. It will begin with introduced species (red deer) management and plant/rangeland ecology in the Patagonia region of Argentina; then disease concerns, wildlife tolerances, livestock husbandry in the Serengeti, Mara and Mara Conservancy areas of Tanzania and Kenya. It will bring perspectives to hunting season management of red deer and relationships to Amur tiger conservation in the Russian Far East. Finally, it will land in northern Europe to discuss livestock (reindeer) predation experienced by the Sámi people of Norway and Sweden, and their reindeer loss reimbursement approach. The experiences and perspectives gained and shared by Montana wildlife managers and biologists will be discussed, as they have changed our season setting applications and are refining predator/ prey/livestock management in Montana. In today’s time, manager to manager exchanges may become the most relevant approach to advancing new management and conservation thoughts, philosophies, research initiatives, and policies

Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution-Past to Present

Anyone who wants to understand the biological nature of humans and their special characteristics must look far back into evolutionary history. Today\u27s way of life is drastically different from that of our ancestors. For almost 99% of human history, gathering and hunting have been the basis of nutrition. It was not until about 12,000 years ago that humans began domesticating plants and animals. Bioarchaeologically and biochemically, this can be traced back to our earliest roots. Modern living conditions and the quality of human life are better today than ever before. However, neither physically nor psychosocially have we made this adjustment and we are paying a high health price for it. The studies presented allow us to reconstruct food supply, lifestyles, and dietary habits: from the earliest primates, through hunter-gatherers of the Paleolithic, farming communities since the beginning of the Anthropocene, to the Industrial Age and the present. The comprehensive data pool allows extraction of all findings of medical relevance. Our recent lifestyle and diet are essentially determined by our culture rather than by our millions of years of ancestry. Culture is permanently in a dominant position compared to natural evolution. Thereby culture does not form a contrast to nature but represents its result. There is no doubt that we are biologically adapted to culture, but it is questionable how much culture humans can cope wit

How does Montana do Fish and Wildlife Conservation?

This presentation may provoke thoughts within our professional society on how to build a more effective fish and wildlife conservation voice in Montana. Like most other State and Provincial fish and wildlife agencies, Montana too is in a transformative period. Implementing change will be counterproductive if the agency minimizes those interests that continue to pay the bills, both financially and politically, for conservation efforts at the State level.  Montana can lead the country, by example, in changing the approach of effective hunter and angler engagement with the non-hunting, non-angling community

A lower bound for the complexity of the union-split-find problem

We prove a Theta(loglog n) (i.e. matching upper and lower) bound on the complexity of the Union-Split-Find problem, a variant of the Union-Find problem. Our lower bound holds for all pointer machine algorithms and does not require the separation assumption used in the lower bound arguments of Tarjan [T79] and Blum [B86]. We complement this with a Theta(log n) bound for the Split-Find problem under the separation assumption. This shows that the separation assumption can imply an exponential loss in efficiency

Prevalence of taurodontism in a modern Austrian sample

Taurodontism is a dental condition characterized by an abnormality in the tooth root formation, believed to be caused by defects in the invagination of the Hertwig epithelial sheath during root development. It is characterized by an enlarged, apically displaced pulp chamber, short roots, and a lack of constriction at the enamel-cementum junction. Taurodontism is classified into three degrees: hypo-, meso- and hypertaurodontism. The data was collected by measuring the height of the pulp chamber in relation to the length of the pulp chamber roof to the apex of the longest root in multirooted teeth. In this study, 1,000 panoramic radiographs (PAN) from a dental practice in Upper Austria were evaluated according to the classification of Shifman and Chanannel (1978). Hypotaurodontism was not recorded. Among the subjects evaluated, 5.9% were affected by taurodontism, and the prevalence of taurodontic teeth was 1.4%. It was found that slightly more women than men exhibited the presence of taurodontism. Mesotaurodontism was identified in 43 subjects (4.3%), hypertaurodontism in eight subjects (0.8%), and both forms were present in eight cases (0.8%). The anomaly occurred significantly more frequently in the maxilla than in the mandible. The prevalence of taurodontism varies considerably worldwide due to several factors: the use of different classifications, sample sizes, variable inclusion and exclusion criteria, and population genetic reasons. Clinically, taurodontism complicates procedures such as extractions, endodontic, prosthodontic, periodontal and orthodontic treatments, which underscores its relevance in dental practice

Prevalence of taurodontism in a modern Austrian sample

Taurodontism is a dental condition characterized by an abnormality in the tooth root formation, believed to be caused by defects in the invagination of the Hertwig epithelial sheath during root development. It is characterized by an enlarged, apically displaced pulp chamber, short roots, and a lack of constriction at the enamel-cementum junction. Taurodontism is classified into three degrees: hypo-, meso- and hypertaurodontism. The data was collected by measuring the height of the pulp chamber in relation to the length of the pulp chamber roof to the apex of the longest root in multirooted teeth. In this study, 1,000 panoramic radiographs (PAN) from a dental practice in Upper Austria were evaluated according to the classification of Shifman and Chanannel (1978). Hypotaurodontism was not recorded. Among the subjects evaluated, 5.9% were affected by taurodontism, and the prevalence of taurodontic teeth was 1.4%. It was found that slightly more women than men exhibited the presence of taurodontism. Mesotaurodontism was identified in 43 subjects (4.3%), hypertaurodontism in eight subjects (0.8%), and both forms were present in eight cases (0.8%). The anomaly occurred significantly more frequently in the maxilla than in the mandible. The prevalence of taurodontism varies considerably worldwide due to several factors: the use of different classifications, sample sizes, variable inclusion and exclusion criteria, and population genetic reasons. Clinically, taurodontism complicates procedures such as extractions, endodontic, prosthodontic, periodontal and orthodontic treatments, which underscores its relevance in dental practice

Tracing mobility patterns through the 6th-5th millennia BC in the Carpathian Basin with strontium and oxygen stable isotope analyses

The complexity of Neolithic population movements and their interpretation through material culture have been the subject of archaeological research for decades. One of the dominant narratives proposes that groups from the Starčevo-Ko¨ro¨ s-Criş complex spread from the central towards the northern Balkans in the Early Neolithic and eventually brought the Neolithic lifestyle into present-day Hungary. Broad geographical migrations were considered to shape the continuous expansion of Neolithic groups and individuals. However, recent archaeological research, aDNA, and isotope analyses challenged the synchronous appearance of specific material culture distributions and human movement dynamics through emphasizing communication networks and socio-cultural transformation processes. This paper seeks to retrace the complexity of Neolithic mobility patterns across Hungary by means of strontium and oxygen stable isotope analyses, which were performed on a total of 718 human dental enamel samples from 55 Neolithic sites spanning the period from the Starčevo to the Balaton-Lasinja culture in Transdanubia and from the Ko¨ro¨s to the Tiszapolga ´ r cultural groups on the Great Hungarian Plain (Alfo¨ ld). This study presents the largest strontium and oxygen isotope sample size for the Neolithic Carpathian Basin and discusses human mobility patterns on various geographical scales and throughout archaeological cultures, chronological periods, and sex and gender categories in a multiproxy analysis. Based on our results, we discuss the main stages of the Neolithisation processes and particularly trace individual movement behaviour such as exogamy patterns within extensive social networks. Furthermore, this paper presents an innovative differentiation between mobility patterns on small, micro-regional, and supra-regional scales, which provides new insights into the complex organisation of Neolithic communities.The complexity of Neolithic population movements and their interpretation through material culture have been the subject of archaeological research for decades. One of the dominant narratives proposes that groups from the Starčevo-Ko¨ro¨ s-Criş complex spread from the central towards the northern Balkans in the Early Neolithic and eventually brought the Neolithic lifestyle into present-day Hungary. Broad geographical migrations were considered to shape the continuous expansion of Neolithic groups and individuals. However, recent archaeological research, aDNA, and isotope analyses challenged the synchronous appearance of specific material culture distributions and human movement dynamics through emphasizing communication networks and socio-cultural transformation processes. This paper seeks to retrace the complexity of Neolithic mobility patterns across Hungary by means of strontium and oxygen stable isotope analyses, which were performed on a total of 718 human dental enamel samples from 55 Neolithic sites spanning the period from the Starčevo to the Balaton-Lasinja culture in Transdanubia and from the Ko¨ro¨s to the Tiszapolga ´ r cultural groups on the Great Hungarian Plain (Alfo¨ ld). This study presents the largest strontium and oxygen isotope sample size for the Neolithic Carpathian Basin and discusses human mobility patterns on various geographical scales and throughout archaeological cultures, chronological periods, and sex and gender categories in a multiproxy analysis. Based on our results, we discuss the main stages of the Neolithisation processes and particularly trace individual movement behaviour such as exogamy patterns within extensive social networks. Furthermore, this paper presents an innovative differentiation between mobility patterns on small, micro-regional, and supra-regional scales, which provides new insights into the complex organisation of Neolithic communities

Management Challenges from Predator-Prey Effects on the Gallatin Canyon Elk Herd

The Gallatin Canyon elk (Cervus elephus) herd northwest of Yellowstone National Park (YNP), is among the most historic and heavily-researched herds in Montana. Counts, classifications, and harvest records extend from 1919 to present, with intensive wolf-elk research conducted over 2001-2006. The herd remained remarkably stable for more than 80 years, averaging ~1900 wintering elk from 1919-1985. After a data gap spanning 1985-1996, wintering elk counts showed alarming declines, with an average of 960 wintering elk counted over 1996-2010 and 511 counted in 2010. We used harvest records, aerial surveys, and telemetry on elk and wolves (Canis lupus) to determine mortality/predation rates and elk numbers, movements and distribution. From these data we developed a variety of population models to quantify effects of wolf predation and hunter harvest on elk in the Gallatin Canyon. Closed population models suggested a yearly elk population decline of 1-15 percent, whereas open population models suggested a decline of 30 percent, indicating losses due to deaths and emigration. Predator-prey ratios in the Gallatin are among the highest recorded in Montana, similar only to the unhunted elk populations of the Madison Headwaters (YNP). Like the Madison Headwaters, the Gallatin elk herd showed declines from direct predation and emigration loss. matrix models suggested hunting has a negligible population effect compared to predation, yet hunting is the only factor MFWP is currently able to moderate. We are left with a management paradox: hunting is not sustainable in this declining population, yet cessation of hunting will not reverse the elk population declines and will eliminate a treasured hunting opportunity that some families have enjoyed for generations

Frozen Stored Teeth : Autogenous Dentin as an Alternative Augmentation Material in Dentistry

Tooth Shell Technique (TST) with the use of autologous dentin has proven to be a suitable method of grafting in the context of lateral ridge augmentation. This present feasibility study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the preservation by lyophilization of processed dentin. Thus, the frozen stored processed dentin matrix (FST: 19 patients with 26 implants) was re-examined with that of processed teeth used immediately after extraction (IUT: 23 patients with 32 implants). Parameters of biological complications, horizontal hard tissue loss, osseointegration, and buccal lamella integrity were used for evaluation. For complications, the observation period was 5 months. Only one graft was lost (IUT group). In the area of minor complications, without the loss of an implant or augmentation, there were two cases of wound dehiscence and one case with inflammation and suppuration (IUT: n = 3, FST: n = 0). Osseointegration and integrity of the buccal lamella were present in all implants without exception. Statistically, there was no difference between the groups studied for the mean resorption of the crestal width and the buccal lamella. Results of this study show that prepared autologous dentin preserved with a conventional freezer had no disadvantage compared to immediately use autologous dentin in terms of complications and graft resorption in the context of TST