The Antitrust Laws and Nonprofit Hospitals

Article published in the Michigan State University School of Law Student Scholarship Collection

Modeling Lake Michigan's Suitability for Bigheaded Carps: The Importance of Diet Flexibility and Subsurface Habitat

As Bighead and Silver Carp (bigheaded carps [BHC]) arrive at Lake Michigan’s doorstep, questions remain as to whether there is sufficient food for these invasive filter feeding fishes to grow and survive in the upper Great Lakes. Previous studies suggest that suitable BHC habitat in Lake Michigan is limited to a few productive, nearshore areas, but these studies have not considered how BHC’s diet plasticity or the availability of subsurface prey influences the ability of these fishes to grow in the lake. This study builds previous models by using simulated outputs of prey biomass (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus) and water temperature from a three-dimensional biophysical model of Lake Michigan to evaluate growth rate potential (GRP, quantitative index of habitat suitability) of adult BHC throughout the entire volume of the lake. We defined suitable habitat as habitats that can support GRP ≥ 0 g∙g-1∙d-1. Consistent with previous studies, our results revealed that habitats with the highest quality were concentrated in eutrophic areas of Green Bay and other nearshore areas influenced by tributary phosphorous loads. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found suitable offshore habitat owing to our added consideration of BHC diet plasticity and subsurface prey resources. Feeding on all three types of prey throughout the water column extended suitable habitat throughout much of the lake for Bighead Carp, but not for Silver Carp. Our vertical analysis along the nearshore-offshore gradient near Muskegon, MI indicates that subsurface temperature and prey biomass are not only sufficient to support Bighead Carp growth, but provide maximum habitat quality during late summer stratification. Overall, our study demonstrates that BHC are capable of surviving and growing in much larger areas of Lake Michigan than predicted by previous studies, and thus indicates that the risk of establishment is not sufficiently mitigated by low plankton concentrations.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145424/1/Alsip_Peter_Thesis.pd

Epistemic Success and Skeptical Norms in Argument

The Default Skeptical Stance (DSS) delineates dialectical partners behavior toward one another given the adversariality thesis. Phyllis Rooney holds that the DSS, as a bridge between the formal and pragmatic elements of adversariality, leads to epistemic dysfunction. This connection commits the Adversarialist to defending the DSS. My modest version of this defense will be to show that the dysfunction in Rooney’s going case, the Penaluna – Leiter exchange, is not attributable to argument’s skeptical norms

A Longitudinal Study of the Interests of Veterinarians

The newly-revised SVIB was restandardized on 362 members of the Iowa Veterinary Medical Association. Ninety-eight of these veterinarians in this 1966 criterion group were also members of the 1949 criterion groups when the SVIB veterinarian scale was first established. The answer sheets from both the 1949 and the 1966 criterion groups were scored by the newly devised scoring key and a comparison made of score changes over this period. In addition the response-choice frequencies to the items common to both the old and the new SVIB by the longitudinal group were determined and significant shifts were noted and reported in detail. In general, the longitudinal group displayed a lessening of interest in scientific activities and an increase of interest in managerial, business, and financial activities over the 17 year period

TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF ANAK USIA 4 – 5 TAHUN DI DUSUN OLAS RT 01 DESA LOKKI KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT (SBB)

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan fungsi tindak tutur direktif Anak Usia 4 – 5 Tahun di Dusun Olas RT 01 Desa Lokki Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik rekaman dan teknik catatan lapangan untuk menyimak dan mencatat tuturan direktif yang berupa kata, frasa, dan kalimat Anak Usia 4 – 5 Tahun di Dusun Olas RT 01 Desa Lokki Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB). Sumber data adalah tuturan atau percakapan Anak Usia 4 – 5 Tahun di Dusun Olas RT 01 Desa Lokki Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (SBB) yang berjumlah 8 anak. Hasil Penelitian, ditemukan  bentuk dan fungsi tindak tutur direktif Anak Usia 4 – 5 Tahun di Dusun Olas RT 01 Desa Lokki Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat, diantaranya; bentuk tindak tutur langsung literal, tidak langsung literal, langsung tidak literal, dan bentuk tindak tutur tidak langsung tidak literal. Fungsi tindak tutur direktif meliputi, fungsi tindak tutur direktif permintaan, pertanyaan, perintah, larangan, pemberiana izin, dan nasihat

Schoolwide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in an Alternative Education Setting: Examining the Risk and Protective Factors of Responders and Non-Responders

This research examined the risk and protective factors of responders and nonresponders to a schoolwide implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (SW-PBIS) within an alternative school. Students completed self-perception measures of individual, school, community, and home systems. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant difference between responders and nonresponders on the individual and school systems models. Direct logistic regression indicated that within these models, hostility, destructive expression of anger, depression, academic self-concept, attitude to teachers, and attitude to school each made a significant contribution in identifying responders and nonresponders. Findings suggest that factors at the individual and school levels may be crucial in identifying individuals who respond favorably to SW-PBIS. Interventions that target specific risk factors may improve responsiveness to SW-PBIS in alternative schools

STEM for Everyone: A Mixed Methods Approach to the Conception and Implementation of an Evaluation Process for STEM Education Programs for Students With Disabilities

Some students with autism spectrum disorder and other learning differences may have superior visual acuity, increased attentional focus, and logical thinking abilities, lending to an affinity for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. At the same time, economists report that, the United States will experience a 28.2% increase in STEM-related jobs between 2014 and 2024. Although students with disabilities (SWD) can help to fill those positions, 85% of SWD graduates are either underemployed or unemployed as they enter young adulthood. Thus, there is a need to develop, evaluate, and report outcomes of STEM preparation programs specifically tailored to SWD. This mixed-methods study was designed to develop an evaluation procedure to measure a STEM school’s program for SWD and to analyze the first two years of data to help shape the evaluation process. A comprehensive evaluation model of STEM education for children with learning differences was developed and tested. Implications for practice and future research are discussed