Systematic review of African-American women’s identity struggle in American drama

This article carries out a review of the literatures of the related materials that approach the main area of my study which is African American women's lack of identity. As a result, black women in America experience various kinds of oppressions throughout their live but this issue has been changed in the second half of 20th century because of many social, political and literary movements. In conclusion, postmodern drama and Civil Right Movement provide the fertile background for many playwrights at that time to promote the development of a political, literary and social agendas

Desenvolvimento da Identidade Feminina Preta em Duas Peças Americanas Pós-Modernas Através do Quadro de Avaliação: Estudo Comparativo

African American women’s suffering in a racial and patriarchal society has often been raised in works of drama. Black women’s quest to search their identity has been considered an essential issue in Postmodern American literature. It has already attracted the consciousness of both critics and writers because it is highly concerned with the agony of the most repressed group in any society. ‘Beneatha’ and ‘Hester’; the two black female plays' protagonists, are a part of this tradition. The aim of this paper is to make comprehensive discourse analysis of the main plays’ protagonists and their antagonists in each play who impacted to form their identity, in order to figure out: first, black women’s oppression within the scope of each literary work. Second, to discover whether the status of African American woman identity is progressed and developed in the passage of time by comparing the results of the two plays which have been written at different times. This study is utilized Martin and White, 2005 Appraisal Theory to accomplish the paper’s objectives. The classification of attitudinal propositions in each play has been examined under the Attitude system with its three subcategories: judgement, affect, and appreciation. It has concluded that women with African origin have been doubled repressed, victimized, and marginalized in the scope of the two selected plays for this study because of their race as well as gender. Analysis process presented also that there was no progress and development within the black woman’s identity throughout the passage of time.El sufrimiento de las mujeres afroamericanas en una sociedad racial y patriarcal a menudo se ha planteado en obras dramáticas. La búsqueda de mujeres negras para buscar su identidad ha sido considerada como un tema esencial en la literatura estadounidense posmoderna. Ya ha atraído la conciencia de los críticos y escritores porque está muy preocupado por la agonía del grupo más reprimido en cualquier sociedad. "Beneatha" y "Hester"; Las dos protagonistas de las obras de teatro negras son parte de esta tradición. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer un análisis exhaustivo del discurso de los protagonistas de las obras principales y sus antagonistas en cada obra que impactaron para formar su identidad, a fin de descubrir: primero, la opresión de las mujeres negras dentro del alcance de cada obra literaria. En segundo lugar, descubrir si el estado de la identidad de la mujer afroamericana progresa y se desarrolla con el paso del tiempo comparando los resultados de las dos obras que se han escrito en diferentes momentos. Este estudio es utilizado por Martin y White, 2005, Teoría de la evaluación para lograr los objetivos del documento. La clasificación de las proposiciones de actitud en cada obra ha sido examinada bajo el sistema Attitude con sus tres subcategorías: juicio, afecto y apreciación. Se llegó a la conclusión de que las mujeres con origen africano han sido duplicadas, reprimidas, victimizadas y marginadas en el alcance de las dos obras seleccionadas para este estudio debido a su raza y género. El proceso de análisis también mostró que no había progreso ni desarrollo en la identidad de la mujer negra a lo largo del tiempo.O sofrimento das mulheres afro-americanas em uma sociedade racial e patriarcal tem sido frequentemente levantado em obras de teatro. A busca das mulheres negras para pesquisar sua identidade tem sido considerada uma questão essencial na literatura americana pós-moderna. Já atraiu a consciência de críticos e escritores, porque está muito preocupado com a agonia do grupo mais reprimido em qualquer sociedade. "Beneatha" e "Hester"; os dois protagonistas das peças femininas negras fazem parte dessa tradição. O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma análise do discurso abrangente dos protagonistas das peças principais e seus antagonistas em cada peça que impactou para formar sua identidade, a fim de descobrir: primeiro, a opressão das mulheres negras no âmbito de cada obra literária. Segundo, descobrir se o status da identidade da mulher afro-americana é progredido e desenvolvido na passagem do tempo, comparando os resultados das duas peças que foram escritas em momentos diferentes. Este estudo é utilizado por Martin e White, 2005 Appraisal Theory para realizar os objetivos do artigo. A classificação das proposições atitudinais em cada peça foi examinada no sistema Atitude com suas três subcategorias: julgamento, afeto e apreciação. Concluiu-se que as mulheres de origem africana foram duplamente reprimidas, vitimizadas e marginalizadas no âmbito das duas peças selecionadas para este estudo, devido à sua raça e género. O processo de análise também mostrou que não houve progresso e desenvolvimento dentro da identidade da mulher negra ao longo do tempo

Estadísticas de recursos de participación y reconocimiento efectivo de la identidad de la mujer afroamericana: “In the Blood” por Suzan Lori Parks

So as to accomplish the objectives of moral judgement and social commentary pursued in her play as well as to deliver a complete picture of African American woman oppression. Suzan Lori Parks evaluates and describes various aspects of her protagonist ‘Hester’ as well as other characters’ qualifications: moral traits, intellectual qualities, and social attitudes in her play “In the Blood” (1999). The playwright aims to construct a society of shared ethics and participated in values with her audiences/readers. Parks perfectly adopts different opinions and points of view as sources of evaluation. This paper proposes an analysis of the whole corpus of “In the Blood” and particularly focusing on the theme of ‘woman oppression’, to construe the major female character, Hester as well as the most important characters who impact to form her disturbing identity. This paper aims to figure out the reason behind audiences’/readers’ compliment and applaud with that play in general and the theme of oppression in specific. That can be achieved by addressing the dialogic dimension with a big focus on the propositions of Engagement, the category of Appraisal Framework by which the characters in the play express their commitments and willingness to open up and welcome the negotiation space to other opinions and voices. This paper has concluded that the heteroglossic propositions have exceeded the monoglossic resources in order to engage the characters and positions themselves in relation to other viewpoints and opinions from the audiences/readers which helps to convey the playwright’s moral message skillfully and effectively.   Con el fin de lograr los objetivos del juicio moral y los comentarios sociales perseguidos en su obra, así como ofrecer una imagen completa de la opresión de las mujeres afroamericanas. Suzan Lori Parks evalúa y describe varios aspectos de su protagonista “Hester”, así como las calificaciones de otros personajes: rasgos morales, cualidades intelectuales y actitudes sociales en su obra “In the Blood” (1999). El dramaturgo tiene como objetivo construir una sociedad de ética compartida y participar en valores con sus audiencias/lectores. Parks adopta perfectamente diferentes opiniones y puntos de vista como fuentes de evaluación. Este artículo propone un análisis de todo el corpus de “In the Blood” y se centra particularmente en el tema de “opresión de la mujer”, para interpretar al personaje femenino principal, Hester, así como a los personajes más importantes que impactan para formar su identidad inquietante. Este documento tiene como objetivo descubrir la razón detrás del cumplido del público/lectores y aplaudir esa jugada en general y el tema de la opresión en particular. Eso se puede lograr abordando la dimensión dialógica con un gran enfoque en las propuestas de Engagement, la categoría del Marco de evaluación mediante el cual los personajes de la obra expresan sus compromisos y su voluntad de abrir y dar la bienvenida al espacio de negociación a otras opiniones y voces. Este documento ha concluido que las proposiciones heteroglosicas han excedido los recursos monoglosicos para involucrar a los personajes y posicionarse en relación con otros puntos de vista y opiniones del público/lectores, lo que ayuda a transmitir el mensaje moral del dramaturgo con habilidad y eficacia

EXAMINING THE CLARITY OF EXPRESSIONS IN DESCRIBING THE BLACK WOMAN’S OPPRESSION IN KENNEDY'S “FUNNYHOUSE OF A NEGRO”

Purpose of study: This study tries to figure out whether Adrienne Kennedy’s play “Funnyhouse of a Negro” was direct and clear or indirect and implicit when she expresses a black woman’s struggle with identity. Methodology: This study adopts a mix mode approach of Martin and white (2005) attitudinal category of Appraisal theory so as to analyze, frame, and to answer the research questions by which is proposed for this full research paper. Main Findings: The inscribed instances have exceeded the invoked ones in the whole corpus of “Funnyhouse of a Negro”, concerning how did Sarah; the protagonist, as well as her split figures, have portrayed her white mother and a black father. The outcomes suggest that Kennedy was very clear and direct to deliver her moral judgment to her audiences/readers regarding the status of African American women in American based on analyzing the discourses of the main characters in the play. Implications/Applications: Therefore, this play has gained very much respect and admiration from critics, readers, and audiences because of the playwright’s direct descriptions of Sarah and her parents in the American arena as well as her attempt to form new status as an individual human being who have a right to live such as any white American civilian. Originality/Novelty of Study: The appraisal approach is a fairly new extension in the area of Systemic Functional Linguistics. It has been applied mainly to non-fictional discourse, particularly to certain texts with an argumentative task such as journalistic and political speeches. There is an increasing interest in the utilization of this theory to the analysis of literary texts, involving narrative fiction (Alsanafi&Mohd Noor, 2019). The researcher does not find any study employs Appraisal category to discover the clearness of expressions to describe woman’s oppression in Adriane Kennedy’s “Funnyhouse of a Negro”

Dihydroceramide desaturase functions as an inducer and rectifier of apoptosis : effect of retinol derivatives, antioxidants and phenolic compounds

Dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) catalyses the introduction of 4,5-trans double bond into dihydroceramide to form ceramide. We show here that Degs1 is polyubiquitinated in response to retinol derivatives, phenolic compounds or anti-oxidants in HEK293T cells. The functional predominance of native versus polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 appears to govern cytotoxicity. Therefore, 4-HPR or celecoxib appear to stimulate the de novo ceramide pathway (with the exception of C24:0 ceramide), using native Degs1, and thereby promote PARP cleavage and LC3B-I/II processing (autophagy/apoptosis). The ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 is positively linked to cell survival via XBP-1s and results in a concomitant increase in dihydroceramides and a decrease in C24:0 ceramide levels. However, in the case of 4-HPR or celecoxib, the native form of Degs1 functionally predominates, such that the apoptotic programme is sustained. In contrast, 4-HPA or AM404 do not produce apoptotic ceramide, using native Degs1, but do promote a rectifier function to induce ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 and are not cytotoxic. Therefore, Degs1 appears to function both as an ‘inducer’ and ‘rectifier’ of apoptosis in response to chemical cellular stress, the dynamic balance for which is dependent on the nature of chemical stress, thereby determining cytotoxicity. The de novo synthesis of ceramide or the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of Degs1 in response to anti-oxidants, retinol derivatives and phenolic compounds appear to involve sensors, and for rectifier function, this might be Degs1 itself

Native and polyubiquitinated forms of dihydroceramide desaturase are differentially linked to human embryonic kidney cell survival

There is controversy concerning the role of dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) in regulating cell survival with studies showing that it can both promote and protect against apoptosis. We have therefore, investigated the molecular basis for these opposing roles of Degs1. Treatment of HEK293T cells with the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, SKi (2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole)) or fenretinide, but not the Degs1 inhibitor, GT11 (((N-[(1R,2S)-2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-2-(2-tridecyl-1-cyclopropenyl)ethyl]octan-amide)) induced the polyubiquitination of Degs1 (Mr=40-140 kDa) via a mechanism involving oxidative stress, p38 MAPK and Mdm2 (E3 ligase). The polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 exhibit ‘gain of function’ and activate pro-survival pathways, p38 MAPK, JNK and X-box protein-1s (XBP-1s). In contrast, another sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide) at concentrations of 25-50 uM failed to induce formation of the polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1. In contrast with SKi, ABC294640 (25 uM) promotes apoptosis of HEK293T cells via a Degs1-dependent mechanism that is associated with increased de novo synthesis of ceramide. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the polyubiquitination of Degs1 appears to change its function from pro-apoptotic to pro-survival. Thus, polyubiquitination of Degs1 might provide an explanation for the reported opposing functions of this enzyme on cell survival/apoptosis

The role of sphingosine kinases and dihydroceramide desaturase in cell survival/apoptosis and inflammation pathways

The literature details significant controversy regarding the role of dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) in regulating cell survival/apoptosis and therefore this study primarily examined the molecular basis of the reported opposing roles of Degs1. The sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKi [2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole] or the Degs1 inhibitor fenretinide promoted the polyubiquitination of Degs1 (Mr = 40-140 kDa) through a mechanism involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), oxidative stress, and Mdm2 (E3 ligase) in HEK293T cells.;The polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 acquire a 'gain of function' and activate pro-survival pathways, p38 MAPK/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and X-box protein 1s (XBP-1s) in HEK293T cells. In contrast, the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 [3-(4- chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide] (25 to 50 μM), did not promote formation of polyubiquitinated Degs1 forms and induced apoptosis of HEK293T cells via a mechanism involving native Degs1. Native Degs1 appears to function in this context via substrate induction to increase de novo synthesis of apoptotic ceramides.;These results were achieved using siRNA transfections, western protein analysis of protein expression, immunoprecipitation, [3H]-Thymidine incorporation assay, and mass spectrometry. These novel findings are the first to reveal that the polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 exhibit opposing function compared with the native form, which could explain the controversy concerning the role of this enzyme in apoptosis versus cell survival described within literature.;The study next investigated the role of sphingosine kinases (SK1, SK2) in regulating p53, stress activated protein kinases, and XBP-1s in HEK293T cells since SK inhibitors are known to promote p53-dependent cell death. SKi stimulated polyubquitination of p53 to form two higher molecular mass proteins (63 and 90 kDa), which might represent inactive forms of p53. The formation of p63/p90 in response to SKi was enhanced by completely eliminating SK1 from HEK293T cells using a combination of SK1 siRNA and SKi.;In addition, sphingolipids measurements showed a decrease in the levels of S1P and increase in the levels of sphingosine under these conditions. However, SK2 or Degs1 had no role in regulating the formation of p63/p90. In addition, the complete elimination of SK1 enhanced the activation of p38 MAPK/JNK pro-survival pathways in response to SKi.;Taken together with the effect on p53, these findings suggest that SK1 opposes pro-survival signalling pathways in HEK293T cells. The proteasome inhibitor, MG132 also induced expression of the pro-survival protein XBP-1s and this was enhanced when HEK293T cells were treated with SKi. SK2 siRNA reduced XBP-1s levels in response to MG132/SKi while p53 siRNA promoted this effect. These findings were achieved using siRNA and transient plasmid transfections, western protein analysis of protein expression, immunoprecipitation, [3H]-Thymidine incorporation assay, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy which suggest that SK2 opposes the death promoting function of p53.;Lastly, the role of SK1 and SK2 in regulating inflammation-based transcriptional factors in keratinocytes was investigated using western protein analysis of protein expression and luciferase reporter assays. SK2 inhibitors, such as ABC294640 or SKi or K145 or (R)-methylether FTY720 (ROMe) were shown to reverse the degradation of inhibitor kappa B (IκB) and transcriptional regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in response to TNFα. In contrast, the potent SK1 inhibitor, PF-543 did not reverse IκB degradation and only weakly inhibited transcriptional regulation of NF-κB at a concentration that is 50-fold higher than the Ki for inhibition of SK1 activity.;Thus SK2 and not SK1 is proposed to regulate NF-κB signalling and transcription. The effect of the sphingosine kinases on transcriptional regulation of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) was also investigated. SK2 inhibitors, ABC294640 or K145 reduced phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated phosphorylation of JNK and ERK-1/2 and transcriptional activity of AP-1. In contrast, other SK inhibitors including PF-543, SKi and ROMe did not inhibit JNK and ERK-1/2 signalling and only produced a minimal reduction in AP-1 transcriptional activity, thereby suggesting that the effects of SK2 inhibitors on JNK/ERK signalling and AP-1 transcriptional activity are likely to be 'off-target'.;These novel significant findings provide improved understanding of the role of Degs1, SK1 and SK2 in regulating cell survival and inflammation and this might ultimately aid in the identification of novel signalling networks and therapeutic targets for treatment of various diseases, including cancer.The literature details significant controversy regarding the role of dihydroceramide desaturase (Degs1) in regulating cell survival/apoptosis and therefore this study primarily examined the molecular basis of the reported opposing roles of Degs1. The sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKi [2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole] or the Degs1 inhibitor fenretinide promoted the polyubiquitination of Degs1 (Mr = 40-140 kDa) through a mechanism involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), oxidative stress, and Mdm2 (E3 ligase) in HEK293T cells.;The polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 acquire a 'gain of function' and activate pro-survival pathways, p38 MAPK/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and X-box protein 1s (XBP-1s) in HEK293T cells. In contrast, the sphingosine kinase inhibitor, ABC294640 [3-(4- chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide] (25 to 50 μM), did not promote formation of polyubiquitinated Degs1 forms and induced apoptosis of HEK293T cells via a mechanism involving native Degs1. Native Degs1 appears to function in this context via substrate induction to increase de novo synthesis of apoptotic ceramides.;These results were achieved using siRNA transfections, western protein analysis of protein expression, immunoprecipitation, [3H]-Thymidine incorporation assay, and mass spectrometry. These novel findings are the first to reveal that the polyubiquitinated forms of Degs1 exhibit opposing function compared with the native form, which could explain the controversy concerning the role of this enzyme in apoptosis versus cell survival described within literature.;The study next investigated the role of sphingosine kinases (SK1, SK2) in regulating p53, stress activated protein kinases, and XBP-1s in HEK293T cells since SK inhibitors are known to promote p53-dependent cell death. SKi stimulated polyubquitination of p53 to form two higher molecular mass proteins (63 and 90 kDa), which might represent inactive forms of p53. The formation of p63/p90 in response to SKi was enhanced by completely eliminating SK1 from HEK293T cells using a combination of SK1 siRNA and SKi.;In addition, sphingolipids measurements showed a decrease in the levels of S1P and increase in the levels of sphingosine under these conditions. However, SK2 or Degs1 had no role in regulating the formation of p63/p90. In addition, the complete elimination of SK1 enhanced the activation of p38 MAPK/JNK pro-survival pathways in response to SKi.;Taken together with the effect on p53, these findings suggest that SK1 opposes pro-survival signalling pathways in HEK293T cells. The proteasome inhibitor, MG132 also induced expression of the pro-survival protein XBP-1s and this was enhanced when HEK293T cells were treated with SKi. SK2 siRNA reduced XBP-1s levels in response to MG132/SKi while p53 siRNA promoted this effect. These findings were achieved using siRNA and transient plasmid transfections, western protein analysis of protein expression, immunoprecipitation, [3H]-Thymidine incorporation assay, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence microscopy which suggest that SK2 opposes the death promoting function of p53.;Lastly, the role of SK1 and SK2 in regulating inflammation-based transcriptional factors in keratinocytes was investigated using western protein analysis of protein expression and luciferase reporter assays. SK2 inhibitors, such as ABC294640 or SKi or K145 or (R)-methylether FTY720 (ROMe) were shown to reverse the degradation of inhibitor kappa B (IκB) and transcriptional regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in response to TNFα. In contrast, the potent SK1 inhibitor, PF-543 did not reverse IκB degradation and only weakly inhibited transcriptional regulation of NF-κB at a concentration that is 50-fold higher than the Ki for inhibition of SK1 activity.;Thus SK2 and not SK1 is proposed to regulate NF-κB signalling and transcription. The effect of the sphingosine kinases on transcriptional regulation of Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) was also investigated. SK2 inhibitors, ABC294640 or K145 reduced phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated phosphorylation of JNK and ERK-1/2 and transcriptional activity of AP-1. In contrast, other SK inhibitors including PF-543, SKi and ROMe did not inhibit JNK and ERK-1/2 signalling and only produced a minimal reduction in AP-1 transcriptional activity, thereby suggesting that the effects of SK2 inhibitors on JNK/ERK signalling and AP-1 transcriptional activity are likely to be 'off-target'.;These novel significant findings provide improved understanding of the role of Degs1, SK1 and SK2 in regulating cell survival and inflammation and this might ultimately aid in the identification of novel signalling networks and therapeutic targets for treatment of various diseases, including cancer

Willingness to get HPV vaccination among female university students in Kuwait and its relation to vaccine conspiracy beliefs

A substantial burden of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related cancers can be mitigated by vaccination. The current study aimed to investigate the willingness of female students at the University of Kuwait to get HPV vaccination and its possible association with general vaccine conspiracy beliefs (VCBs). This cross-sectional survey study was conducted during September–November 2022 using a validated VCB scale as the survey instrument. The final sample comprised 611 respondents with a median age of 22 y and a majority of Arab ethnicity (n = 600, 98.2%). Only 360 respondents (56.9%) heard of HPV before participation and these students showed an above-average level of HPV knowledge (mean knowledge score of 12.7 ± 2.6 out of 16 as the maximum score), of whom only 33 self-reported HPV vaccine uptake (9.2%). The willingness to accept free-of-charge HPV vaccination was seen among 69.8% of the participants, with 20.1% who were hesitant and 10.1% who were resistant. The acceptance of HPV vaccination if payment is required was 23.1%. Reasons for HPV vaccine hesitancy/resistance included complacency to the HPV disease risks, lack of confidence in HPV vaccination, and inconvenience. The embrace of VCBs was associated with significantly higher odds of HPV vaccine hesitancy/resistance. The current study showed the detrimental impact of endorsing vaccine conspiracy beliefs manifested in lower intention to get HPV vaccination among female university students in Kuwait. This should be considered in vaccine promotion efforts aiming to reduce the burden of HPV cancers

Monkeypox Knowledge and Confidence in Diagnosis and Management with Evaluation of Emerging Virus Infection Conspiracies among Health Professionals in Kuwait

As the 2022 human monkeypox (HMPX) multi-country outbreak is spreading, the response of healthcare workers (HCWs) is central to mitigation efforts. The current study aimed to evaluate HMPX knowledge and confidence in diagnosis and management among HCWs in Kuwait. We used a self-administered questionnaire distributed in July–August 2022 through a snowball sampling approach. The survey items evaluated HMPX knowledge, confidence in diagnosis and management of the disease, and the belief in conspiracies regarding emerging virus infections (EVIs). The sample size was 896 HCWs: nurses (n = 485, 54.1%), pharmacists (n = 154, 17.2%), physicians (n = 108, 12.1%), medical technicians/allied health professionals (MT/AHP, n = 96, 10.7%), and dentists (n = 53, 5.9%). An overall low level of HMPX knowledge was noticed for items assessing virus transmission and non-cutaneous symptoms of the disease, with higher knowledge among physicians. Approximately one-fifth of the study sample agreed with the false notion that HMPX is exclusive to male homosexuals (n = 183, 20.4%), which was associated with lower knowledge with higher frequency among MT/AHP compared to nurses, physicians, and pharmacists. Confidence levels were low: confidence in diagnosis based on diagnostic tests (n = 449, 50.1%), confidence in the ability to manage the HMPX (n = 426, 47.5%), and confidence in the ability to diagnose HMPX clinically (n = 289, 32.3%). Higher confidence levels were found among nurses and participants with postgraduate degrees. Higher embrace of conspiracy beliefs regarding EVIs was noticed among participants with lower knowledge, and among those who agreed or were neutral/had no opinion regarding the false idea of HMPX exclusive occurrence among male homosexuals, while lower levels of belief in conspiracies were noticed among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists compared to MT/AHP. Variable levels of HMPX knowledge were observed in this study per item, with low level of knowledge regarding virus transmission. Differences in knowledge and confidence levels in diagnosis and management of HMPX should be considered in education and training aiming to prepare for outbreak response. The relatively high prevalence of embracing conspiratorial beliefs regarding EVIs is worrisome and needs proper interventions. The attitude towards male homosexuals’ role in monkeypox spread should be evaluated in future studies considering the possibility of stigma and discrimination in this most-at-risk group