Coronary Artery Bypass grafting (CABG) versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in the treatment of multivessel coronary disease

BackgroundRevascularization for patients who suffer multivessel coronary artery disease is a common procedure around the world. Taking United about 700,000 patients have multivessel coronary revascularization per year ¼ of these patients are diagnosed with diabetes. AimsTo summarize the current evidence that compare CABG to PCI in multivessel coronary disease‎ in form of ‎cardiac death, stroke, MI and unplanned devascularization.‎Methods This is a systematic review was carried out, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO that examining randomized trials of treatment of multivessel coronary disease to summarize the major RCT concerning this topic.Results The review included five randomized studies that compare coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention. The findings showed that CABG show better result with less mortality rate.ConclusionThis review concluded that there revascularization in treating coronary artery disease could be conducted either by CABG or PCI, CABG show better result as it cause less death, MI and revascularization rates, but the usage of new additions such as second generation DES, can also improve the safety and efficacy of PCI when added to it

Current trend in synthesis, Post-Synthetic modifications and biological applications of Nanometal-Organic frameworks (NMOFs)

Since the early reports of MOFs and their interesting properties, research involving these materials has grown wide in scope and applications. Various synthetic approaches have ensued in view of obtaining materials with optimised properties, the extensive scope of application spanning from energy, gas sorption, catalysis biological applications has meant exponentially evolved over the years. The far‐reaching synthetic and PSM approaches and porosity control possibilities have continued to serve as a motivation for research on these materials. With respect to the biological applications, MOFs have shown promise as good candidates in applications involving drug delivery, BioMOFs, sensing, imaging amongst others. Despite being a while away from successful entry into the market, observed results in sensing, drug delivery, and imaging put these materials on the spot light as candidates poised to usher in a revolution in biology. In this regard, this review article focuses current approaches in synthesis, post functionalization and biological applications of these materials with particular attention on drug delivery, imaging, sensing and BioMOFs

Modeling ion permeation in wild-type and mutant human α7 nachr ion channels

Molecular dynamics simulations of wild type and two mutant (T248F and L251T) human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) have been performed. The channel transmembrane domains were modeled from the closed channel structure from torpedo ray (PDB ID 2BG9) and embedded in DPPC lipid bilayers, surrounded by physiological saline solution. An external electric field was used to obtain stable open channel structures. The adaptive biasing force (ABF) method was used to obtain potential of mean force (PMF) profiles for Na+ ion translocation through the wild type and mutant receptors. Based on the geometry and PMF profiles, the channel gate was found to be at one of the two hydrophobic conserved regions (V249-L251) near the lower end of the channel. The L251T mutation reduced the energetic barrier by 1.9kcal/mol, consistent with a slight increase in the channel radius in the bottleneck region. On the other hand, the T248F mutation caused a significant decrease in the channel radius (0.4 Å) and a substantial increase of 3.9kcal/mol in the energetic barrier. Ion permeation in all three structures was compared and found to be consistent with barrier height values. Using an external field in an incrementally increasing manner was found to be an effective way to obtain stable open, conducting channel structures

Endosomal Escape and Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Machinery Enabled by Nanoscale Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework

CRISPR/Cas9 is a combined protein (Cas9) and an engineered single guide RNA (sgRNA) genome editing platform that offers revolutionary solutions to genetic diseases. It has, however, a double delivery problem owning to the large protein size and the highly charged RNA component. In this work, we report the first example of CRISPR/Cas9 encapsulated by nanoscale zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) with a loading efficiency of 17% and enhanced endosomal escape promoted by the protonated imidazole moieties. The gene editing potential of CRISPR/Cas9 encapsulated by ZIF-8 (CC-ZIFs) is further verified by knocking down the gene expression of green fluorescent protein by 37% over 4 days. The nanoscale CC-ZIFs are biocompatible and easily scaled-up offering excellent loading capacity and controlled codelivery of intact Cas9 protein and sgRNA

Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Silica Nanospheres for Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A

In this work, silica nanospheres were used as support for gold nanoparticles and applied for bisphenol A electrochemical detection. The development of new silica-supported materials has attracted increasing attention in the scientific world. One approach of interest is using silica nanospheres as support for gold nanoparticles. These materials have a variety of applications in several areas, such as electrochemical sensors. The obtained materials were characterized by solid-state UV–vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical techniques. The electrode modified with AuSiO2700/CHI/Pt was applied as an electrochemical sensor for BPA, presenting an oxidation potential of 0.842 V and a higher peak current among the tested materials. The AuSiO2700/CHI/Pt electrode showed a logarithmic response for the detection of BPA in the range of 1–1000 nmol L–1, with a calculated detection limit of 7.75 nmol L–1 and a quantification limit of 25.8 nmol L–1. Thus, the electrode AuSiO2700/CHI/Pt was presented as a promising alternative to an electrochemical sensor in the detection of BPA

Supramolecular Nanosubstrate‐Mediated Delivery for CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Disruption and Deletion

CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient and precise gene editing technology that offers a versatile solution for establishing treatments directed at genetic diseases. Current CRISPR/Cas9 delivery into cells relies primarily on viral vectors, which suffer from limitations in packaging capacity and safety concerns. To address these issues, we report a nonviral delivery where Cas9•sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) can be encapsulated into supramolecular nanoparticle (SMNP) vectors to form RNP⊂SMNPs, which can then be delivered into targeted cells via a supramolecular nanosubstrate-mediated delivery (SNMD) strategy. Utilizing the U87 glioblastoma cell line as a model system, we examine a variety of parameters for cellular-uptake of the RNP-laden nanoparticles. We further examine dose-dependent and time-dependent CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing U87 cell line (GFP-U87). Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this optimized SMNP formulation in co-delivering Cas9 protein and two sgRNAs that target deletion of exons 45-55 (708 kb) of the dystrophin gene. Mutations in this region lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a severe genetic muscle wasting disease. We observe efficient delivery of these gene deletion cargoes in a human cardiomyocyte cell line (AC16), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)