Space and Colonial Alterity: Interrogating British Residential Segregation in Nigeria, 1899-1919

The policy of segregation is undoubtedly a resented feature of colonial rule in Africa. However, discussions of the residential racial segregation policy of the British colonial administration in Africa invariably focus on “settler colonies” of South, Central, and East Africa. British colonial West Africa hardly features in such discussions since it is widely believed that these areas, which had no large-scale European settler populations, had no experience relevant to any meaningful discussion of multi-racial colonial relationships. Some studies even deny the existence of racially segregated areas in places other than the settler colonies. Despite evidence that residential racial segregation formed one of the principles that facilitated the implementation of British colonial policy in Nigeria, the Nigerian experience has not been given a fully coherent treatment. This paper examines Nigeria’s experience of officially directed residential segregation. It argues that while residential segregation policies were justified along policies related to health, sanitation, and disease prevention, the motive also derived from the demonstration of racial supremacy and civilization, which was the ideological justification for empires in Africa. It also argues that Lugard may have been impacted by the execution of this policy in India, where he left to become Governor of Nigeria in 1913. While the settler colonies had important dimensions in this inter-racial relationship, colonial Nigeria was not spared the experience of such racially motivated segregation, as the indigenes took to petitions and other means to protest this racial policy. Although Nigeria cannot claim the same intensity of deprivation as was associated with this policy in many British colonies, the pattern that emerged endured throughout the colonial and postcolonial periods

Teachers\u27 Implementation of and Stages of Concern Regarding English Language Arts (ELA) Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in New York State

Problem In the State of New York, the adoption and implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and associated high-stakes assessments have sparked debates among educators, parents, students and politicians. Educators are concerned about its impact on students\u27 test scores, graduation rates and school funding. With mounting accountability threats, teachers are forced to teach to the test in order to produce desirable test scores (Zimmerman, 2010, as cited in Pinar, 2012, p.17). Unfortunately, there were no studies that promoted understanding of teachers\u27 concerns and the extent to which they were implementing the CCSS. The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers\u27 concerns and the extent to which they were implementing the CCSS in language arts in the state of New York. Method The design of this study is a non-experimental quantitative design using survey research methodology. A survey using a modified Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoCQ) and a researcher-developed implementation of language arts core standards questionnaire were given to Grades 6-12 ELA teachers from 75 selected schools in New York state. Seventy-five teachers responded to the questionnaire with 53 useable responses. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation. Results Respondents were mostly from urban/suburban schools (90.4%). Teachers implement 13 of the 15 common core standards in language arts at least once a week (M=4.02 to M=6.15). Levels of implementation were similar in both middle and high schools (p\u3e.05) and appear to be unrelated to number of years implementing the CCSS. Approximately half (52.8%) were at concern stages 4 to 6. And overall, there is no relationship between stage of concern and levels of implementation of the common core standards. Conclusions Teachers are adequately implementing language arts common core standards in New York. Half of the teachers\u27 concerns are generally about how implementation of the standards affect their students and their colleagues. The other half are concerned about how implementation affects them personally. To achieve the objective of the curriculum and the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), teachers must continue to receive targeted professional development in their identified areas of needs

Abstinence-only versus comprehensive sex education: Which model is likely to be supported by college students?

The purpose of this study is to check the accuracy as well as the validity of previous studies conducted on sex education programs in this country. This study looks at the attitudes of college students who are parents as to what method they believe can be effective in preventing teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. The research question for this project is: which model of sex education (abstinence-only sex education model or comprehensive sex education model) is more likely to be accepted or supported by college students who are parents and why? And, are there reasons/factors that will influence their decisions as far as choosing a particular model over the other? This study was conducted at the campus of California State University, San Berdardino (CSUSB). Forty CSUSB students who are guardians/parents or grandparents made up the sample for this study

Stenciling Printing Techniques for Interior Decoration in Okigwe Local Government Area

This study examined the potentials of stenciling techniques and products for interior decoration of families in Okigwe Local Government Area of Nigeria. The Specific objective of the study was to produce design on local fabrics using stenciling techniques, examine the various ways of utilizing stenciling techniques products for interior decoration in the home, ascertain the constraints on the use of stenciling techniques products for interior decoration in the home and to ascertain the possible benefits associated with the use of stenciling techniques products. A survey research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised of 2049 families in Okigwe Local Government Area Imo State out of which 335 families were randomly selected. A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. Frequency and percentage were used for analysis. The findings of the study revealed to a high extent, the items from stenciling techniques products are suitable for interior decoration. The study further revealed that there is significant difference in the suitability of the products for household. Based on the findings, it is recommended that conferences, seminars and workshops should be periodically organized on stenciling techniques for families in Okigwe Local Government Area of Imo State. Keywords: Stenciling printing techniques, interior decoration, Okigwe Local Government Area. DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/41-03 Publication date:May 31st 201

Refractive Correction In A Selected Adult Population In Isiala Ngwa

This study was carried out to determine the types, distribution and frequency of refractive errors in adults in Isiala Ngwa South L.G.A. A 3-day vision screening program was carried out in November 2007 in which three hundred and forty two adults aged 40 to 80 years were screened for pathological conditions.The mean age was 57.8±3.58years. Two hundred and three females and 139 males were screened and refracted. Prevalence ofmyopia, hyperopia and astigmatismfound were 7.20%, 80.30%and 3.50%respectively. Emmetropes were foundto be 9.07%. Themost prevalent refractive error was hyperopia (80.30%). The occupations of the population screened were found to be mainly farming (47.95%), followed by civil service (15.20%) and trading (11.98%). The most prevalent age group in the populationwas 51-55years (26%). Keywords: Vision screening,myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia, community eye health

Foster parents\u27 perspectives on foster children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder in the child welfare system and how they impact the lives of the foster parents

The purpose of this study was to examine how foster parents contributed to the wellness and permanency of an autistic foster child and to know if foster caregivers were adequately equipped to care for a child with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Foster parents of children with ASD were interviewed to gather their opinions and perceptions about whether their autistic foster children were receiving adequate services and if these services increased the child\u27s safety and quality of life. The study used a qualitative design, with in-depth face-to-face and telephone interviews with nine foster parents of children diagnosed with ASD in child welfarte agencies in San Bernardino and Riverside County

The Political Ecology of Oil in the Niger Delta: Understanding Youth Violence from the Perspectives of Youths

The Niger Delta is an oil-producing region in Southern Nigeria. It is rich in biodiversity and has abundant petroleum resources. Increased demand for Nigeria’s low sulphur oil shortly after Shell D’Arcy discovered oil in the Niger Delta in 1956 transformed Nigeria, previously an agrarian economy, into the largest oil producer in the continent of Africa. Today, oil dominates Nigeria’s export and contributes significantly to its foreign exchange earnings. With the commercialisation of oil in 1958, the federal government introduced new institutional mechanisms which set the stage for Nigeria’s fiscal centralism. These include a nationalised oil company (NNPC) established in 1971 and the distributable pool account introduced in 1966, subsequently renamed the federation account in 1979. In contrast to the fiscal arrangement in pre-oil Nigeria, these institutional mechanisms gave the federal government the legitimacy to retain a large proportion of the profits generated from the oil industry. But while the federal government and oil companies accumulate enormous profits from oil, violence became a part of everyday life in the Niger Delta. To a significant degree, the linkages between oil and violence in the Niger Delta is connected to discontent over the oil revenue distribution pattern, which has led to the emergence of violent groups in which youths, and male youths, in particular, are the main actors. These violent groups, known locally as ‘militants’, are resisting the oil companies, local leaders, and the federal government who they blame for their experiences of violence. The media and official discourses characterise these violent groups as criminals and problematic and blame them for violence. So far, there has been little systematic effort to give these youths a voice in discussions about violence in the Niger Delta. Using a political ecology approach which combines Bourdieu’s thinking tools-(habitus, field and capital)-with Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity, this thesis seeks to understand petro-violence from the perspective of youths but male youths in particular. This means an analysis that prioritises how young people perceive, explain and justify their relationship with violence. The arguments in this thesis resulted mainly from 5 events of focus groups and in-depth interview with 84 youths mostly from two ethnic groups (Ijaw and Ogoni) who have experienced oil-related violence in both direct and indirect forms. It also includes in-depth interviews with 42 institutional representatives who have relevant knowledge about youth violence in the Niger Delta. The findings highlight the role of the political ecology of oil as well as institutional and social factors in shaping young people’s experiences of violence. Based on these findings, this thesis shifts away from an explanation of youth violence which focuses on youth (mis) behaviour and moves towards an analysis which locates young people’s relationship with violence within the broader social structures that contours their lives

On Polar Question in Echie and English: A Transformational Approach

The formation of polar question also called a Yes-No question, appears to be language-specific, a situation which makes Echie speakers to find it difficult to accommodate the system of the English language, vice versa. This paper, using the qualitative design and the transformation approach, investigated the structural forms of both languages. The analysis showed great structural differences in both languages: while there is a swop in the position of the subject and the auxiliary in English, there is no such in Echie. In Echie, there are two forms of polar question realization: the resumptive pronoun type and the emphatic construction type. The paper noted that, although, the structural and derivational forms parametrically differ, polar questions exist in both languages and also perform the same syntactic and functional communicative roles. Key Words: Polar, resumptive, inversion, emphatic, transformatio

A pragma-syntactic analysis of slogans on t-shirts

The T-shirts and the slogans on them are used to achieve different discourse and communicative themes. The T-shirts help to describe people, events, positions and situations. This article written the confines of the theoretical framework of multimodal discourse analysis and the qualitative design, investigates five different types of T-shirts. The T-shirts and the inscriptions on them as exemplified in the themes of readiness, position and desire, happiness and celebration, and protest are used to describe the wearers, address situations and pass information to the public. The paper therefore concludes that T-shirts and the slogans scripted on them perform different types of illoucutionary actions which cause different forms perlocutionary reactions Key Words: T-shirts, slogans, themes, multimodal, cloth; communicatio

Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and thermal analysis study of particle-reinforced aluminium alloy composites

There is a great need in the transportation industry for high strength, high stiffness and lightweight materials with excellent dimensional stability. The use of these materials reduces fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission as well as malfunctioning of components when subjected to fluctuating temperatures. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are designed to meet these needs of transportation and other industries. However, their use is limited by lack of information on their thermal behaviour. In addition, reactions that occur in MMCs alter their microstructure and properties. These reactions have been widely investigated using X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and electron microscopy (EM). However, these techniques cannot provide information such as charge transfer and local elemental structures in materials. Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) could be used to identify reaction products in MMCs as well as provide information which XRD and EM cannot provide. The thermal behaviour of Al-Mg alloy A535 containing fly ash particles as well as charge transfer and reactivity in particulate aluminium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) were investigated in this work. The materials studied were (i) Al-Cu-Mg alloy AA2618 and its composites reinforced with 10 and 15 vol.% alumina (Al2O3) particles and (ii) Al-Mg alloy A535 and its composites reinforced with a mixture of 5 wt.% fly ash and 5 wt.% silicon carbide, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% fly ash. The investigative techniques used included Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The results obtained showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of A535 decreased with the addition of fly ash and silicon carbide. Also, the addition of these particles improved the dimensional stability of the alloy in that the residual strain, åp, cycling strain, åc, and CTE decreased. The results obtained from XAS measurements showed evidence of charge redistribution in the aluminium in AA2618 with the addition of alumina particles. The results obtained from XAS measurements showed evidence of charge redistribution in the aluminium in AA2618 with the addition of alumina particles. The addition of alumina particles into AA2618 increased the p-orbital population and also changed the surface chemistry of the matrix. It was also demonstrated that the XAS technique can be used to determine the presence of various oxides in industrial fly ash and spinel (MgAl2O4) in alumina and fly ash particles extracted from the MMCs