Efficacy of metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Metformin monotherapy is the primary therapeutic approach in most cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it is safe, efficient, and is known to lower risks like vascular complications in patients. Previous studies have shown that glycemic control provided by metformin monotherapy is not consistent and needs to be monitored in association with other factors. Due to the complex nature of the disease and other factors like genetic predisposition, ethnicity, and geographic distribution, it is crucial to investigate its effect on the Saudi population. This study aimed to evaluate the glycemic response of metformin monotherapy in individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM who had not previously taken any other medications. Methods: A retrospective study model was followed to determine metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. The efficacy of the metformin monotherapy was evaluated in the patients who were drug naive and had undergone treatment for six months. Results: HbA1c levels for our study population (n=136) before and after metformin monotherapy for a period of six months was collected from patient records. The study cohort included both male (n=71) and female (n=67) patients. There was a significant difference in the HbA1c levels of all diabetes patients before (Mean=9.1, SD=2.84) and after (Mean=7.13, SD=1.51) medication; 2-tailed significance p<0.001. Conclusions: Metformin monotherapy was effective in reducing the HbA1c levels across both genders and all age groups in the present study. These results suggest that metformin monotherapy could be the first line of therapy for newly diagnosed T2DM individuals

Coronary Artery Bypass grafting (CABG) versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) in the treatment of multivessel coronary disease

BackgroundRevascularization for patients who suffer multivessel coronary artery disease is a common procedure around the world. Taking United about 700,000 patients have multivessel coronary revascularization per year ¼ of these patients are diagnosed with diabetes. AimsTo summarize the current evidence that compare CABG to PCI in multivessel coronary disease‎ in form of ‎cardiac death, stroke, MI and unplanned devascularization.‎Methods This is a systematic review was carried out, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO that examining randomized trials of treatment of multivessel coronary disease to summarize the major RCT concerning this topic.Results The review included five randomized studies that compare coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention. The findings showed that CABG show better result with less mortality rate.ConclusionThis review concluded that there revascularization in treating coronary artery disease could be conducted either by CABG or PCI, CABG show better result as it cause less death, MI and revascularization rates, but the usage of new additions such as second generation DES, can also improve the safety and efficacy of PCI when added to it

Factors determining the need for general anesthesia to deliver dental treatment for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities

AIM: To investigate factors determining the need for general anesthesia (GA) to deliver dental treatment for adult people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). METHODS: This study involved a retrospective review of medical records of adult patients with IDD who received dental treatment under GA at Tabuk Specialist Dental Center, Saudi Arabia, between 2018 and 2020. Demographic characteristics and dental-related details, level of cooperation, and methods of delivering dental treatment were collected. RESULTS: A total of 86 adult patients with IDD were included. The mean age of the study participants was 34.8 years (standard deviation [SD] 6.5), and the majority were males (n = 47, 54.7%). Eighteen patients had aphasia (20.9%), 16 had epilepsy (18.6%), and 10 had cerebral palsy (11.6%). Most dental treatments delivered were complex dental treatments (n = 39, 45.3%) followed by dental extraction (n = 25, 29.1%), and non-surgical periodontal therapy (n = 22, 25.5%). Females had higher odds of undergoing GA compared to males (Odds ratio (OR) =6.79, 95% Confidence intervals (CI): 1.62–28.41). Furthermore, patients who had aphasia had higher odds of undergoing GA compared to patients who had no medical conditions (OR = 14.03, 95% CI: 1.05–186.7). CONCLUSION: Being female or having aphasia are independent factors related to the need for GA to deliver dental treatment for Saudi adults with IDD

Predictors of persistent body weight misclassification from adolescence period to adulthood: a longitudinal study

This study examined whether body weight misclassification continues from adolescence to adulthood and the associated predictors behind that misclassification. Data are from a sample of a longitudinal Australian birth-cohort study. Data analyses were restricted to 2938 participants whose measured and perceived body weights were recorded during their adolescence and adulthood follow-ups. To identify misclassification, we objectively compared their measured and perceived body weights at each follow-up. Potential predictors during early life or adolescence periods were included in data analyses. At each follow-up, underestimation was recorded more often among overweight and obese participants, whereas overestimation was mostly recorded among underweight ones. Over 40% males and females were able to correctly estimate their body weight at one followup, whereas almost 30% males and 40% females were able to do so in more than one follow-ups. One-third females and 45% males underestimated their body weight at one follow-up, whereas 13% females and a quarter of males were able to do so in more than one follow-ups. Being female, dieting, being overweight, having an overweight mother, and having poor mental health were the most significant predictors for more than one follow-up misclassifications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of persistent misclassification on population health benefits

Predictors of adolescents' weight misclassification: A longitudinal study

Objective: To examine adolescents' and mothers' misclassification of the adolescents' body weight and associated early life predictors

The Association between Body Weight Misclassification in Adolescence and Body Fat and Waist Circumference in Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study

This study examined the longitudinal association between adolescent body weight misclassifications and body fat and waist circumference during adulthood. A sample was derived from a large Australian birth cohort study. The data analyses were restricted to 1002 participants for whom data on both measured and perceived weight at a 14-year follow-up and the actual measure of adult body fat and waist circumference at a 30-year follow-up were available. To determine misclassifications, we compared the perceived weight with the measured weight. The results were presented as means and mean differences (with a 95% confidence interval) of the body fat percentages and waist circumference levels across the weight misclassification groups, adjusting for potential covariates. For both male and female adolescents, weight underestimation was significantly associated with an increase in body fat percentages and waist circumference in adulthood as compared to those who correctly estimated their weight. In the mean difference analyses, adolescent males and females who underestimated their weight were found to have significantly higher body fat, and waist circumference means than those who correctly estimated their weight in the unadjusted and adjusted comparisons. The adolescent males who overestimated their weight had higher body fat, and waist circumference means when they reached adulthood. Increased awareness of weight misclassification and actual weight among adolescents might contribute to better control of weight gain in adulthood

Artificial Intelligence and Its role in Supporting Marketing

After being just an imagination of science fiction writers, the artificial intelligence has greatly expanded and is taking more and more important roles in various and varied practices and fields in a way that it may completely change the course of human history.  In fact, the artificial intelligence technologies have entered many fields such as health and education. Moreover, they have played a prominent role in changing the form of business administration in general and marketing. This study aimed at identifying the effect of using artificial intelligence applications in support of various marketing processes using the methodology of the critical evaluation of the related research, studies, and literature. The study concluded that artificial intelligence has a prominent and axial role in the transformation of electronic transactions between services and goods producers and consumers and in analyzing their needs. In other words, it is a strategic shaping of the marketing and business future models. It has also a major role in increasing efficiency, saving time, and making marketing decision more feasible and accessible to customer database management. The study recommended the use and application of artificial intelligence tools and technologies in social media, in improving research engines and in the marketing digital development