Electronic Contract and its Effects According to the Sudanese Electronic Transactions law for the Year (2007) A Comparative Study

       The most important thing that distinguishes the electronic contract from the traditional contract is the means through which it passes through it through an electronic environment that uses modern means of communication, especially the internet. The study aimed at: To learn about the concept of e-contract and its advantages. Highlighting the languages ​​of affirmation and electronic acceptance and its characteristics. The study followed the descriptive historical descriptive method. The study found many results, including: Electronic contracts are usually concluded online, a network open to users around the world, especially in the case of mutual exchange and acceptance through the site, it creates a problem on how to determine the personality of the parties to the contractual process for the purpose of providing In this case, the owner of the site that is exchanging the offer and acceptance of the other must identify the persons who use it, if not the obligor or the owner of the site itself, Sudan is one of the first Arab countries that has an electronic transactions law is the law of (2007). Only Jordan, the Emirate of Dubai, Bahrain, Tunisia and Lebanon. preceded this. In addition, the method of expression in contracts for acceptance of online contracts is consistent with the method of contracting. An icon or by entering private information, and we find no value for silence as an expression of acceptance in electronic contracts. The study recommended the following: We propose to amend some articles of the Sudanese civil law to be in a way that shows (concluding contracts by means of modern communication) to accommodate all the new developments in communications, and the means of contracting modern, such as the Internet. As well as the creation of special websites on the net providing advice and guidance to provide protection to the less experienced party in the electronic contract.        أهم ما يميز العقد الالكتروني عن العقد التقليدي هو تلك الوسيلة التي يمر عن طريقها، بحيث يتم من خلال بيئة الكترونية تستخدم فيها وسائل الاتصال الحديثة وعلى رأسها شبكة الانترنت. هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مفهوم العقد الإلكتروني ومميزاته. وإبراز لغات الإيجاب والقبول الإلكتروني وخصائصه. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التاريخي الاستقرائي. توصلت الدراسة إلى العديد من النتائج من بينها: إن العقود الإلكترونية مبرمة عادة عبر الإنترنت، وهي شبكة مفتوحة أمام المستخدمين في جميع أنحاء العالم خاصة في حالة تبادل الإيجاب والقبول من خلال الموقع، فإن ذلك يخلق مشكلة تتعلق بكيفية تحديد شخصية طرفي العملية التعاقدية وذلك لغرض توفير الأمان القانوني لها، ففي هذه الحالة يجب على صاحب الموقع الذي يجري تبادل الإيجاب والقبول غيره، أن يقوم بتحديد الأشخاص الذين يستخدمونه، هذا إن لم يكن الموجب أو القابل صاحب الموقع نفسه، السودان من أوائل الدول العربية التي لديها قانون للمعاملات الإلكترونية وهو قانون المعاملات الإلكترونية لسنة (2007م) ولم يسبقه في ذلك إلا الأردن، إمارة دبي، البحرين، تونس، لبنان، بالإضافة إلى أن أسلوب التعبير في العقود عن القبول في العقود التي تتم عبر الإنترنت يكون متماشياً مع طريقة التعاقد فقد يكون عن طريق النقر عدة مرات على إيقونة ما أو عن طريق إدخال معلومات خاصة، ولا نجد قيمة للسكوت باعتباره تعبيراً عن القبول في العقود الإلكترونية. أوصت الدراسة بالآتي: نقترح تعديل بعض مواد القانون المدني السوداني لتكون بشكل يوضح (إبرام العقود بوسائل الاتصال الحديثة) لتستوعب كل ما يستجد على صعيد الإيصالات، ووسائل التعاقد الحديثة كالإنترنت. كذلك استحداث مواقع إلكترونية خاصة على الشبكة تقدم النصائح والإرشادات لتوفير الحماية للطرف الأقل خبرة في العقد الإلكتروني

Design of Wireless Control Mixing System of Liquids using Raspberry Pi Device

The use of automation technology in the field of mixing liquids assists to reduceerrors in this process which improved the quality of products. Liquid mixing machines often require a number of workers in order to operate the machines which increases the risk to them. This paper proposes wireless design for mixing three different liquids using raspberry pi technology. The design aims to provide lower risk rates, lower cost and high accuracy. The mechanism of mixing the three liquids and filling the tanks is done automatically using raspberry pi and ultrasonic sensors. Users must have to login with the correct IP address and password in order to access the application using a Wi-Fi connection. The system consists of three sub tanks filling the main tank in specifec ratio for each one. The programming of this implemention is accompleshed using python language. The experimental results have proven that the system works successfully and it can be applied in a real environment

Design of Wireless Automatic Microwave Antenna Alignment System

Microwave link aligning is an important operation in communication systems. Misalignment in line of sight link due to rain, wind etc considered the basic problem that faced the microwave system. This problem caused a direct terminating of the microwave link. Automatic antenna alignment will guarantee best communication at the link’s ends without any risks of human interface. This paper presented a low cost design of an automatic antenna alignment system based on arduino and using Xbee wireless technology. The design in the paper is automatically adjusting the horizontal and vertical angles in the transmitter and receiver sides of the microwave link. The controller compared the measured values of these two angles with a reference values. The correction of the error in the angles is done by moving the antenna towards the correct position. The design was tested in different angles positions and the results were reported in the paper. The simulation results ensure that the system works successfully

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Messalata Central Hospital, Libya

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection among patients at Messalata Central Hospital, Libya, to identify the causative bacteria, and to explore their resistance pattern to antimicrobials.MethodsA total number of 1153 urine samples were collected from patients, who attended daily to Messalata Central Hospital, Libya, in a study extended for one year. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and isolates typing were done using Phoenix BD (BD diagnostic). Resistance was confirmed manually using agar disk diffusion method.ResultsOf the 1153 urine samples tested, 160 (13.9%) samples were positive, from which 17 different, solely Gram negative, uropathogens were identified. Escherichia coli were the most prevalent (55.6%) bacteria, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae (16.3%), Proteus mirabilis (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6%), Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca (2.5%, each), Citrobacter koseri and Providencia rettgeri (1.9%, each), Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus vulgaris (1.3%, each), and Aeromonas caviae, Citrobacter freundii, Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter amnigenus biogroup 2, Pseudomonas putida and Serratia marcescens (0.6%, each). The isolated uropathogens showed increased levels of resistance ranged from 10.5% to 64.5%, with an overall resistance of 28.9%. Amikacin was the most effective antimicrobial followed by Imipenem and Meropenem (0%, 0.6% and 2.5% resistance, respectively); while, Cephalothin and Ampicillin were the least (80.6% and 90.0% resistance, respectively) effective.ConclusionsThe obtained results emphasized the emergence of highly resistant bacteria to most of tested antimicrobials and raise the alarm for physicians to change their treatment pattern depending on antimicrobial susceptibility results

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Do Innovation in Environmental-Related Technologies and Renewable Energies Mitigate the Transport-Based CO2 Emissions in Turkey?

Given the unprecedented level of air pollution in urban areas, green transport systems has been a subject to an important debate in academic and policymaking circles. Despite the considerable outputs of the attendant literature, most of empirical studies to date have relied on conventional econometric models in which structural shocks are not controlled. This study, therefore, aims to offer a new perceptive of the dynamic connection between renewable energy, environment-related technological innovation, and transport-based CO2 emissions in Turkey during 1990Q1 to 2014Q1 by applying the Structural Vector Autoregressive approach (SVAR). Furthermore, to explore the co-movements and the lead-lag interrelations among the study variables, the wavelet coherence technique was used. The wavelet coherence technique circumvents the other traditional causality approaches by detecting the causal interrelation between the underlying series at different frequencies. The findings disclose that environment-related technological innovation has no reliable power to explain the variation in CO2 emissions from the transport sector. Solar energy is found to impact the CO2 emissions positively in the long run, while biofuels hold the same effect in short run. Moreover, per capita GDP and urbanization significantly impact the carbon emissions from the transport system in the long run with a negative sign. The wavelet analysis reveals that renewables and environmental-related technological innovation lead the transport-based CO2 emissions. The fourth and 16th periods are the most dominant frequencies. Accordingly, the study suggests that innovation in environment-related technologies is not enough to mitigate the pollution that stemming from the transport system in Turkey, it should be accompanied by strong and effective environmental measures. These policies might include environmental taxations, carbon pricing and trading schemes, which aim not only to prevent the pollution and over-extraction of resources, but also to promote the public revenues from different activities that related to environmental purposes and other applications such as energy product and vehicle fuels. In addition, it is suggested to strengthening the transportation system through the deployment of renewables and high-tech eco-friendly modes of transportation

The Dynamic Effect of Biomass Energy Consumption on Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in Turkey

This study investigates the impact of biomass energy consumption on Turkey's economic growth and environmental quality. The research used annual time series data from 2004 to 2019. The ADF and Phillips-Perron unit root tests were utilised to test the stationarity of the series. In this study, the ARDL model is employed as an estimation technique. The results indicate that biomass energy consumption helps to reduce pollution and improve environmental quality in the long-run and shortrun in Turkey, while economic growth and technological innovation increase the environmental deterioration. Therefore, this paper recommends that economic policymakers, specifically in Turkey, consider strategies that support sustainable economic growth using reusable energy sources

The role of real exchange rate in the trade balance between Turkey and Libya: Evidence from nonlinear and wavelet-based approaches

The time-invariable models would suffer to give a clearer description to the relationship between exchange rate and trade flows. Therefore, the growing strand of literature has failed to reach a consensus. This study aims to contribute to this discussion by employing not only nonlinear model to capture the asymmetric effect, but also to detect the time frequencies and explore the lead-lag relations between real exchange rate and trade balance between Libya and its major trade partner ‘Turkey’ by applying both NARDL and wavelet coherence approaches, using monthly data spanning January 2013 to December 2020, selected based on data availability. The findings disclose that trade balance responds to the real exchange rate asymmetrically. The asymmetric effect is skewed more in the negative direction, as the impact of negative change is significant and greater than the positive change in long run. While the oil price shocks positively impact trade balance, economic policy uncertainty negatively affects trade balance. The wavelet coherence analysis indicates that real exchange rate and economic policy uncertainty are lagging in trade balance, while oil price leads trade balance. Among various other policy suggestions, we recommend that stable exchange rate through the intervention in the foreign exchange market will promote the trade balance at the end.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p

Unveiling the asymmetric response of global food prices to the energy prices shocks and economic policy uncertainty

The sharp upturn of energy and food prices have become serious challenges almost all over the globe. Despite the voluminous literature on the relationship between energy prices and food prices, the existing research, however, mostly relied on linear frameworks and aggregate measures of energy prices. To improve the current know-how about the interaction between energy and food prices, this study aims to apply nonlinear and time frequency techniques (NARDL and Wavelet Coherence Transform), using four measures as proxies for energy prices (Brent, West Texas, and Dubai oil prices as well as natural gas). The data consists of 288 monthly observations extending from 1997M01 to 2020M12. The NARDL results confirm the asymmetrical relationship between energy prices and food prices. In particular, in the long run the positive shocks of Brent oil price and natural gas are found to have greater and long-lasting effect on food prices. The West Texas and Dubai oil prices also disclose similar effects but in the shorter runs. The Wavelet analysis uncovers that, in the medium and longer runs especially between eight- and sixteen-months, energy prices and policy uncertainty lead food prices with positive signs. Accordingly, various policy suggestions have been provided