Harry Hess and sea-floor spreading

Harry Hess's hypothesis of sea-floor spreading brought together his long-standing interests in island arcs, oceanic topography, and the oceanic crust. The one unique feature of Hess's hypothesis was the origin of the oceanic crust as a hydration rind on the top of the mantle -- an idea that was not well received, even by the early converts to sea-floor spreading. Hess never changed his mind on this issue, and his stubbornness illuminates the logic of his discovery. Published and archival records show that 1) Hess became convinced the oceanic crust was a hydration rind as early as mid 1958, when he was still a fixist, 2) he devised sea-floor spreading in 1960 to reconcile the hydration-rind model with the newly discovered, high heat flow at oceanic ridge crests, and 3) Hess's new mobilist solution did the least amount of violence to his older fixist solution

Carbon Credit Payment Options for Agroforestry Projects in Africa

The potential of using carbon offset credits from agroforestry projects for farmers in developing areas has become more prevalent in both Clean Development Mechanism and voluntary carbon markets. Since the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, many international development organizations have been interested in using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to help both mitigate CO2 emissions through agroforestry projects offsets and as a poverty reduction tool. Few organizations that have begun talking with farmers about planting trees for carbon offset credits have been able to tell the farmers how much money they would receive from their new tree growth or the costs they will incur in doing so. For this study, a whole farm budget toolkit was designed to help fill this gap and to help evaluate payment methods for carbon offset credits in agroforestry projects. This toolkit is intended to be used by development assistance organizations and farmers starting carbon credit programs. It gives a rough estimate of payments based on a farmer’s or group’s unique situation. For testing purposes, previous agroforestry projects were entered into the toolkit to evaluate the benefits accruing to farmers using data on carbon credit payment methods for two previous agroforestry projects in Africa. The toolkit was also field tested in Kenya with individual farmers and a farmers’ group.agroforestry, budget toolkit, carbon credits, Clean Development Mechanism, payment methods, smallholder farmers, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, International Development, Land Economics/Use, O13, O22, R30, Q54,

Coping with Stressors of Caregiving

Individuals who take on the role of caregiving for a family member with Alzheimer’s disease face many simultaneous stressors. Effective coping with such stressors has profound implications for caregiver well-being and the ability to provide effective care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various coping strategies on caregiver depression, controlling for the effects other factors previously shown to be related to depression. Using data from interviews with 427 caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients, items derived from Endler and Parker’s Multidimensional Coping Inventory were factor analyzed to confirm the underlying structure. A five-factor structure was found to have the best fit to these data. Avoidance-focused coping was retained from the original factors. In addition, the following factors were derived: self‐blame, wishful thinking, planning, and finding meaning. Scores on the CES-D depression scale were then regressed on the 5 coping factors and 23 covariates. Ten of the 23 covariates were significant. Caregivers more likely to be depressed were younger, Caucasian, in poor health, taking psychotropic medications, and spouses of the patient. More depressed caregivers also indicated having less affection for the patient and a greater perception of social obligation to provide care. They tended to be assisted by multiple caregivers, and were overall less satisfied with assistance received from others, and less satisfied with direction and guidance received in caregiving. In addition to these covariates, three of the five coping factors were significantly related to depression: wishful thinking and self-blame were positively related to depression, and escapism was negatively related to depression. The implications of these results are applicable to the design and availability of services for caregivers. It is known that caregivers seek respite services most often, and from this analysis it appears that aiding caregivers in finding personal time and enjoyable outlets should be beneficial

An Exploration of the Effects of Gene-Editing Technology on Human Identity

Photo by ANIRUDH on Unsplash INTRODUCTION Genes are the most foundational physical unit of a human, coding for every phenotypic characteristic that a human exhibits.[1] Thus, some view the editing of genes as the alteration of one’s physical nature. The extent to which gene-editing, using technology such as CRISPR, alters one's identity is an open issue. Answering this question requires exploring what constitutes human identity (physical or mental forms, or both) and the role DNA plays. This philosophical question concerns the role of the body in the conception of oneself and how fundamental changes to one’s body alter that conception. As gene-editing technologies continue to be refined and implemented in humans, this question is especially relevant. Its answer can alter the decisions society makes about the use of gene-editing technology in humans. Alterations to one’s physical form through gene-editing change one’s physical makeup. Gene-editing causes modifications that span both realms of one’s sense of self because physical identity can affect mental identity. This paper explores philosophical approaches to identity and the relationship between body and mind, arguing that physical changes have significant capacity to alter emotions and mental status in ways that may shape identity. I.     CRISPR and Gene-Editing Capability Scientists can use gene-editing to rectify the genetic flaws that cause genetic disorders. Trisomy 21, or Down Syndrome, for example, is caused by an additional 21st chromosome in a person’s genome. Deletion of this extra chromosome through gene-editing would erase the disease, changing the person’s genomic foundation and life. They would no longer need to manage the effects of trisomy 21. Gene-editing in the case of trisomy 21 impacts identity. An analysis of perspectives on the link between trisomy gene-editing and identity revealed a split between those who viewed trisomy as separate from identity and those who viewed it as fundamental. Participants favoring a connection between trisomy and identity were more likely to oppose gene-editing, as they believed it would bring fundamental changes to who the person is.[2] Discussion of the extent to which gene-editing impacts identity is important in informing these opinions and, in turn, the policies society implements on the use of gene-editing. Somatic gene-editing, performed in existing people rather than an embryo, proposes a unique case. Many view somatic editing as “similar to other medical treatments” rather than a complete alteration to one’s identity because it is only used in cells in specific tissues to fix symptoms, not the entire disease. For trisomy 21, somatic gene-editing will only be possible in specific tissues and cells of the body, such as in the nerve cells that cause muscle weakness in Down Syndrome patients, since it is not yet possible to change every cell carrying the genetic flaw.[3] Researchers can treat other diseases more completely with gene-editing. To fix the single nucleotide mutation that causes sickle cell disease, for example, researchers can edit the red bone marrow cells extracted from patients, edit them using CRISPR, and reintroduce them into the patient.[4] Gene-editing enables a more comprehensive solution for sickle cell disease in existing people, but it entails the same genome editing as with trisomy. Regardless of the disease or somatic or germline cell targeting, gene-editing alters the DNA a human carries. By exploring the most basic implications of that alteration on human identity, this paper will define the relationship between gene-editing and identity. II.     Views on Physical Identity Some may view a human’s physical nature as their only nature and thus the sole component of identity. Reductive physicalism proposes that the world is made of only physical components.[5] Reductive physicalists challenge the existence of the mind or a higher power by arguing that all processes can be broken down into their physical components. By this reasoning, humans are a collection of atoms and molecules compartmentalized into cells that perform all human functions. By suggesting that humans are entirely physical in nature, this theory proposes that one’s physicality must constitute identity. In A Treatise of Human Nature, David Hume alludes to the essential role of physicality in identity. Although Hume also discusses the role of a non-physical mind in the processing of perceptions, Hume states that “after the dissolution of my body, I should be entirely annihilated.”[6] The destruction of one’s being, one’s identity, when one ceases to physically exist reinforces the idea that humans are solely physical in nature. Applying reductive physicalism, the dependence of identity on physicality supports that changing one’s physicality through gene-editing will change one’s identity. In Being and Nothingness, Jean-Paul Sartre argues that a human confirms his existence when he sees “the other” looking at him, becoming an object rather than a subject. Describing one’s sudden self-consciousness and resulting shame, Sartre poses “the look” as essential in one’s formation of a sense of self.[7] Since the body is recognized by “the other,” the pre-reflective cogito suggests that, without the body, one would not be able to recognize their own existence. Under Sartre’s argument, a physical body is a precursor to identity. However, gene-editing by altering the physical characteristics of a human, such as the shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease patients, generally leaves the body intact. One would still be perceived by “the other” after gene-editing and have their identity confirmed. Sartre’s “the look” reinforces the importance of the body. Yet gene-editing would not impact one’s being an object of another. III.     Mind and Body Combine in Human Identity In philosophy, mind-body dualism means that humans are composed of mental and physical substances. These forms of an individual are distinct yet inextricably interconnected.[8] René Descartes introduced mind-body dualism to argue the existence of a mind without disputing the existence of a body. In his Cogito Theory, Descartes states, “I think, therefore I am.” According to Descartes, the mind is an indivisible substance that coexists with but is distinct from the body because it lacks shape and physicality.[9] Descartes confirms his existence by the fact that his mind is a “thinking thing” rather than by the other’s recognition of one’s body, as Sartre does. The idea of a non-physical aspect to humans challenges reductive physicalism and provides the space for something more than the body to define a human. The mind confirms existence and thereby grants identity, suggesting not only that the mind exists, but also that it is more central to identity than the body. This view aligns with current views about identity.  Since Descartes regards the mind and body as two distinct substances, in his view, the physical changes caused by gene-editing do not directly influence the mind. Gene-editing alters the molecules in genes, but according to dualism, the mind is not composed of atoms like the body is. A genetic change would not penetrate the mind. The distinction between the mental and physical aspects of identity demonstrates how gene-editing may not have substantial power over one’s identity. Since Descartes prioritizes the mental aspect of identity over the physical, gene-editing’s effect on identity appears even more limited. IV.     Mind-Body Philosophies Other philosophical viewpoints further support a mental aspect of human identity. In De Anima, Aristotle delineates that the body is a manifestation of the mind, which is a manifestation of the soul.[10] Although the mind and body are two essential, coexistent aspects of a human, the body comes from, and thus relies on, the mind. The mind, as the origin of the body, frames it as more central to human existence. This postulates that the changes to physical identity induced by gene-editing technologies may not directly influence the mental aspect of identity because the mind does not stem from, and thus is not dependent on, the body. The mind’s more direct connection to the soul cements its larger role in identity because non-secular philosophy views the soul as the core, eternal aspect of a human. The superiority of the mind over the body regarding identity demonstrates gene-editing’s limited influence on identity. In A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume suggests that identity is formed based on perceptions, reinforcing the role of the mind. Perceptions, which originate as a physical sensation, inspire feelings and thoughts, an aspect of one’s mind. Hume gives the example of feeling the warmth of a fire.[11] The emotions that arise are processed and stored in the mind. The accumulation of perceptions from different experiences shapes one’s identity. A traumatic event or significant accomplishment often becomes part of one’s sense of self because of the perceptions one acquires. Hume’s proposition that successive perceptions forms the mind, which are important to identity, further demonstrates that the mind is an aspect of identity. Under such a viewpoint, gene-editing would appear restricted in its ability to change identity, as it alters the body but not the mind. DNA cannot change the experiences and thoughts encoded in one’s mind. One may argue that scars on one’s body, rather than thoughts in one’s mind, are the marks of one’s perceptions, like a burn mark from touching a hot stove. However, the memories and emotions of an experience that a scar represents are deeper than the scar itself. A scar on a person has more meaning than a scar on a wax figure, a purely physical being, because of the mental associations with the scar in the person’s mind. Thoughts residing in the mind contribute to one’s identity, highlighting the role of the mind in a human's sense of self. Although gene-editing in non-neuronal cells cannot directly alter one’s thoughts, the processing of perceptions to form mental identity depends on the physical aspect of humans. Hume proposes that the body mediates the outside world and the mind, detecting stimuli and relaying information to the mind. This communicative relationship between the mind and the body, expressed in mind-body dualism, proposes that physical changes caused by gene-editing could affect how and when external stimuli are detected. This indirect consequence that gene-editing can have on the mind opens the discussion of how physical genetic changes could affect mental identity despite the immaterial nature of the mind. V.     Current Scientific Understanding of the Mind-Body Relationship There is significant medical research on the relationship between the physical body and emotions like happiness, anger, and depression. Modern science sees many emotions as linked to the physical. Although gene-editing does not directly change the mind, it can be affected by those physical changes. It is well-known that there is a “functionally integrated relationship between mind and body.”[12] This “relationship” suggests that the mind and body do not function separately but rather influence each other. For example, replacing bad gut bacteria with good gut bacteria in animals and humans can “significantly alter mood and emotional functions.”[13] Gut bacteria is a purely physical component of the body, while mood and emotion are more mental. The influence of the physical on the mental illustrates the effect of the body’s state on the mind. The two-way communication that the mind and body exhibit have important consequences for the role of DNA in identity. Genetic alterations caused by CRISPR, for example, may affect the mental aspect of identity. Researchers can use CRISPR to cure a sickle cell disease patient by changing just one nucleotide in a human’s genome.[14] The editing of the patient’s genome changes their physical identity because genes are a physical component of humans, but mental changes can also result. No longer suffering from the debilitating pain of a chronic disease, the patient’s mood and outlook on life may shift. The integrated mind-body relationship suggests that gene-editing may have a broader impact on identity than anticipated, affecting both the body and, indirectly, the mind. VI.     Mind and Brain Philosophy The effects of gene-editing on the mind can be more direct when the genes edited are associated with the brain. One theory explaining this phenomenon is the Mind-Brain Identity Theory. This theory postulates that “states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain” even though the mind is non-physical.[15] Therefore, changes to the brain will correlate with changes to the mind and, in turn, affect mental identity. Using CRISPR to correct the genes that cause Huntington's Disease, for example, would improve the physical conditions in the brain that cause its symptoms. According to the Mind-Brain Identity theory, it would improve one’s mental state as a result. If a mistake occurs and the condition worsens, or researchers edit beyond correcting the disorder, the negative consequences in the brain would correlate with a worsened state of mind. The direct correlation between the mind and brain increases the risks of gene-editing. The Mind-Brain Theory amplifies gene-editing’s effect on identity because it suggests physical changes can have not only indirectly, but also directly, impact on mental identity. CONCLUSION Gene-editing alters the physical body. Due to the integrated mind-body relationship, it can also directly and indirectly modify mental identity. Mind-body dualism, as opposed to reductive physicalism, yields an understanding of identity that parallels the way mind-body connections are currently understood. Current science suggests that mood and emotion may be more squarely tied to the physical. Identity likely depends on some combination of the physical and mental. Framing mental aspects, including emotions, personality, and thoughts, as immaterial and genes as physical could lead to the overuse of gene-editing technology for physical purposes like disease prevention, solutions, or enhancement.  Mind-body dualism forms the foundation for gene-editing’s nuanced, far-reaching impact on one’s sense of self. Identity defines an individual, both to themselves and others. The potential for unknown or undesired effects of gene-editing on identity calls for balancing the technology’s benefit to human health with its potentially negative impact on identity. The philosophical and ethical underpinnings should help inform public policy and scientific engagement as gene-editing becomes more influential in medicine. - [1] “The predominant current day meaning of genotype is some relevant part of the DNA passed to the organism by its parents. The phenotype is the physical and behavioral traits of the organism, for example, size and shape, metabolic activities, and patterns of movement.” Taylor, Peter and Richard Lewontin, "The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . [2] Elliott, Kathryn, et al. “‘I Wouldn’t Want Anything That Would Change Who He Is.’ the Relationship between Perceptions of Identity and Attitudes towards Hypothetical Gene-Editing in Parents of Children with Autosomal Aneuploidies.” SSM - Qualitative Research in Health, Elsevier, Dec. 2022, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667321522001135. [3] Watson-Scales, Sheona et al. “Analysis of motor dysfunction in Down Syndrome reveals motor neuron degeneration.” PLoS genetics vol. 14,5 e1007383. 10 May. 2018, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007383 [4] Cross, Ryan. “CRISPR edits sickle cell mutation” C&EN Global Enterprise 94 (41), 5-5, October 17, 2016. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09441-notw1 [5] Stoljar, Daniel. “Physicalism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 25, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/. [6] Hume, David. “Of Personal Identity.” Essay. In A Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n.d. [7] Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness, n.d. [8] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n.d. [9] Descartes, René. Meditations on First Philosophy. Yale University, n.d. [10] Aristotle. “The Internet Classics Archive: De Anima (On the Soul) by Aristotle.” The Internet Classics Archive | On the Soul by Aristotle, n.d. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html. [11] Hume, David. “Of Personal Identity.” Essay. In A Treatise of Human Nature. Project Gutenberg, n.d. [12] News. “A Neurosurgeon and a Philosopher Debate Mind vs. Body.” Mind Matters, February 28, 2022. https://mindmatters.ai/2022/02/a-neurosurgeon-and-a-philosopher-debate-mind-vs-body/. [13] Jasanoff, Alan. The Biological Mind How Brain, Body, and Environment Collaborate to Make Us Who We Are. Cambridge: Basic Books, 2018. [14] Frangoul, Haydar et al. “CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia.” The New England journal of medicine vol. 384,3 (2021): 252-260. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2031054 [15] Smart, J. J. C. “The Mind/Brain Identity Theory.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University, May 18, 2007. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/

Validation of a System for Monitoring Water Intake and Restricting Water Intake in Group-housed Steers

The Insentec-RIC system was previously validated for the collection of water intake by Chapinal et al. (2007); however, this system has not been validated for the purposes of water restriction. The objective of this validation procedure was to evaluate the Insentec system as an appropriate tool for restricting water in beef cattle. A total of 239 crossbred steers were used in a 3 day validation trial which assessed intake values generated by the Insentec-RIC electronic intake monitoring system for both ad libitum water intake (n=122; BASE) and restricted water intake (n=117; RES). Direct human observations were collected on 4 Insentec water bins for 3 24-h periods and 3 12-h periods for BASE and RES, respectively. An intake event was noted by the observer when the electronic identification of the animal was read by the transponder and the gate lowered, and starting and ending bin weights were recorded for each intake event. Data from direct observations across each validation period were compared to total automated observations generated from the Insentec system. Missing beginning or ending weight values for visual observations occurred due to high bin activity and the observer was unable to capture the value before the monitor changed. To estimate the impact of these missing values, it was assumed that the missing beginning or ending weight was identical to that which was recorded by the Insentec system. Subsequent analyses will contain the data set containing missing values (OBSMISS) and the data set with assumed missing values (OBSNOMISS). Difference in mean total intake across BASE steers was 0.60 � 0.11 kg OBSMISS (0.40 � 0.09 kg OBSNOMISS) greater for system observations than visual observations. The comparison of mean total intake across the three RES validation days was 0.84 � 0.13 kg OBSMISS (0.44 � 0.11 kg OBSNOMISS) greater for system observations than direct observations (P<0.001). These results indicate that the system was capable of limiting water of individual animals with reasonable accuracy as compared to a restricted intake. The Insentec system is a suitable resource for monitoring individual water intake of growing, group-housed steers under ad libitum and restricted water conditions.Animal Scienc

New Developments in the Field of Reaction Technology: The Multiparallel Reactor HPMR 50-96

Catalytic high-pressure reactions play an important role in classic bulk chemistry. The optimization of common reactions, the search for new and more effective catalysts, and the increasing use of catalytic pressure reactions in the field of drug development call for high-parallel reaction systems. A crucial task of current developments, apart from the parameters of pressure, temperature, and number of reaction chambers, is, in this respect, the systems' integration into complex laboratory automation environments

An 8-Fold Parallel Reactor System for Combinatorial Catalysis Research

Increasing economic globalization and mounting time and cost pressure on the development of new raw materials for the chemical industry as well as materials and environmental engineering constantly raise the demands on technologies to be used. Parallelization, miniaturization, and automation are the main concepts involved in increasing the rate of chemical and biological experimentation

Perancangan Sistem Sensor Untuk Mendeteksi Kapasitas Beban Maksimal Pada Lift Temporary.

ABSTRAK Yaya Bangun Udyana. 2019. Perancangan Sistem Sensor Untuk Mendeteksi Kapasitas Beban pada Lift Temporary. Laporan Tugas Akhir. Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang. Fakultas Teknik Industri. Teknik Mesin Diploma Tiga. Dosen Pembimbing : Aladin Eko Purkuncoro, ST. MT. Untuk meningkatkan keamanan dan keefektifan saat bekerja, oleh sebab itu penulis membuat tugas akhir untuk memenuhi persyaratan kelulusan dengan judul “Perancangan Sistem Sensor Untuk Mendeteksi Kapasitas Beban pada Lift Temporary” Dalam penelitian ini dibuatlah aplikasi modul timbangan benda digital berbasis Arduino Uno dengan masukan sensor berat sel beban Load Cell dan Keypad serta luaran pada tampilan Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) dan buzzer sebagai indikator, setelah itu hasil pembacaan sensor dikuatkan dengan IC HX711. Luaran yang ditampilkan pada LCD yaitu berupa hasil pengukuran berat benda yang ditimbang dalam satuan kilogram (kg). Sistem sensor yang digunakan pada Lift Temporary yaitu menggunakan sensor berat atau sensor load cell dengan kapasitas berat 150 kg. Untuk mengangkut beban pada lift temporary yaitu menggunakan alat Mini Hoise Crain dengan kapasitas 250 – 500 kg. Gaya beban yang terjadi pada kabin adalah 1470 N. Tegangan yang keluar pada sensor jika terdapat sebuah beban yaitu 2 VΩ. Kata Kunci : Sensor, Load Cell, Lift Temporary

Hanford Borehole Geologic Information System (HBGIS) Updated User’s Guide for Web-based Data Access and Export

The Hanford Borehole Geologic Information System (HBGIS) is a prototype web-based graphical user interface (GUI) for viewing and downloading borehole geologic data. The HBGIS is being developed as part of the Remediation Decision Support function of the Soil and Groundwater Remediation Project, managed by Fluor Hanford, Inc., Richland, Washington. Recent efforts have focused on improving the functionality of the HBGIS website in order to allow more efficient access and exportation of available data in HBGIS. Users will benefit from enhancements such as a dynamic browsing, user-driven forms, and multi-select options for selecting borehole geologic data for export. The need for translating borehole geologic data into electronic form within the HBGIS continues to increase, and efforts to populate the database continue at an increasing rate. These new web-based tools should help the end user quickly visualize what data are available in HBGIS, select from among these data, and download the borehole geologic data into a consistent and reproducible tabular form. This revised user’s guide supersedes the previous user’s guide (PNNL-15362) for viewing and downloading data from HBGIS. It contains an updated data dictionary for tables and fields containing borehole geologic data as well as instructions for viewing and downloading borehole geologic data

Water Intake in Growing Beef Cattle

Water is an essential part of livestock and human diets and is often thought of as an inexpensive, readily available renewable natural resource. However, the amount of competition between humans, wildlife, feed production, and livestock for high-quality water is increasing, not only from the effects of drought but from the pressure of a growing global population (Nardone et al., 2010). With limited resources available for production agriculture, there is a need to identify and select for efficient animals that can produce more product with fewer inputs. Although some work has been done in dairy cattle, very little data is available on individual animal water intake in modern beef cattle (Brew et al., 2011). The majority of the water intake data available in growing beef cattle is derived from dividing the total amount of water drunk in a pen divided by the number of animals in that pen (Sexson et al., 2010; Mader and Davis, 2004). Data derived from groups are not generally useful for the purposes of genetic evaluation, which aims to quantify individual animal variation in a trait for selection. However, in order to practice selection on a large scale, parameters for collecting phenotypic data must be established. The objectives of this study were to measure daily water intake on a large number of beef steers and to estimate the number of test days necessary to collect accurate water intake phenotypes