Jahn-Teller instability in C6H6+ and C6H6- revisited

The benzene cation (C6H6+) has a doublet (e_{1g}) ground state in hexagonal ring (D_{6h}) geometry. Therefore a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion will lower the energy. The present theoretical study yields a model Huckel-type Hamiltonian that includes the JT coupling of the e_{1g} electronic ground state with the two e_{2g} vibrational modes: in-plane ring-bending and C-C bond-stretching. We obtain the JT couplings from density functional theory (DFT), which gives a JT energy lowering of 970 cm^{-1} in agreement with previous quantum chemistry calculations. We find a non-adiabatic solution for vibrational spectra and predict frequencies shifts of both the benzene cation and anion, and give a reinterpretation of the available experimental data.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

International Business Networks and Partnerships Development: A Case of Chinese Market Development Strategies By U.S. Agricultural Companies

There is a great need to be familiar with creating business networks and partnerships in China by U. S. businesses. The research objectives were to identify the strategies on how to build business networks and partnerships in China and evaluate the importance of those strategies in the development of an effective Chinese market by U. S. agricultural companies. By identifying the strategies and their importance, educators can better assist in the development of educational training programs. A three-round Delphi study was conducted in this study. Thirty-seven (37) panel members completed the first round survey with 34 of them completing the second and third round surveys. The panel members were U. S. agriculture business experts who understood the research topics, had international agriculture business experience in China, and were willing to share such experiences. Panel members were purposefully selected to represent the agricultural industry, government, and higher education sectors. The panel generated a total of 12 strategies on how to build business networks and partnerships in China. Of the 12 strategies, one reached a high consensus level, 10 reached a moderate consensus level, and one reached a low consensus level. Also, of the 12 strategies, one was considered essential, eight were considered very important, and three were considered moderately important. In conclusion, the strategies developed in this study regarding how to build business networks and partnerships cross-culture were all rated by the panel as important at various levels and should be included in international business and leadership educational training programs targeted at U. S. companies wishing to conduct business in China. As a result, international leadership competencies of U. S. business people could be enhanced

Identifying Employee Training Topics and Their Value In Development of An Effective Chinese Business By United States Agricultural Companies: A Delphi Study

A three-round Delphi study was conducted to identify training topics required for development of a successful China business by U.S. agricultural companies. By identifying the training topics, business educators can better assist in the development of training programs targeted at U.S. companies wishing to conduct business in China. Thirty-seven (37) panel members completed the first round survey with 34 of them completing the second and third round surveys. In summary, the panel generated nine groups of training topics for U.S. agricultural companies wishing to enter the Chinese market. The nine training topics are: ethics and trust, Chinese markets, networks and partnerships in China, Chinese business practices, language and culture, product advantages and customer service, political and economic climate in China, legal counsel and intellectual property in China, and human resources and labor costs in China. Of the nine training topics, the “product advantages and customer service” group reached high consensus level among the panel. The other eight training topics reached moderate consensus level. Furthermore, of the nine training topics, the “ethics and trust” as well as the “Chinese markets” groups were both considered as essential by the panel for including into training programs that U.S. agricultural companies should consider when entering the Chinese market. The other seven training topics were considered as very important

Large Angular Scale CMB Anisotropy Induced by Cosmic Strings

We simulate the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) induced by cosmic strings. By numerically evolving a network of cosmic strings we generate full-sky CMB temperature anisotropy maps. Based on $192$ maps, we compute the anisotropy power spectrum for multipole moments $\ell \le 20$. By comparing with the observed temperature anisotropy, we set the normalization for the cosmic string mass-per-unit-length $\mu$, obtaining $G\mu/c^2=1.05 {}^{+0.35}_{-0.20} \times10^{-6}$, which is consistent with all other observational constraints on cosmic strings. We demonstrate that the anisotropy pattern is consistent with a Gaussian random field on large angular scales.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, two postscript files, also available at http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/defects/ to appear in Physical Review Letters, 23 September 199

How today’s shocks predict tomorrow’s leaving

Purpose This research explores “shocking events” as part of the unfolding model of turnover, extending our understanding of the influence of various types of shocks on future voluntary employee separations. Design/Methodology/Approach: 1536 new hires at a large financial institution reported shocks monthly during their first 8 months at work as well as their job satisfaction and perceptions of marketability. We used event history to estimate the basic distributional properties of the shocks and Cox proportional hazards models to examine the effects of shocks on job satisfaction and turnover over the subsequent year as reported by the organization. Findings: Organizational shocks generally occur earlier than personal shocks. Further, unexpected shocks have a stronger impact than expected shocks on subsequent turnover. Finally, the effects of organizational shocks on turnover are mediated by job satisfaction, whereas personal shocks have direct effects on turnover. Implications: Our findings offer evidence for the utility of the shock construct in the unfolding model of turnover and speak to the importance of encouraging managers to monitor shocks on an ongoing basis in order to predict when different types of shocks will occur and their likely influence on turnover. Originality/Value: Ours is the first study to examine shocks as they occur. This is a contrast to prior studies that relied on retrospective accounts. Thus, we are able to test new hypotheses (e.g., direct effects vs. mediation) that expand the unfolding model of turnover

Lithospheric modification at the onset of the destruction of the North China Craton: Evidence from Late Triassic mafic dykes

Mantle-derived magmatism provides important insights for understanding the mechanism of lithospheric thinning. Here we report the results of an integrated geochronological and geochemical study of Late Triassic mafic dykes in Eastern Hebei, northern North China Craton. In situ zircon U-Pb dating shows that the dykes were emplaced between 238 and 223 Ma; the coeval Gaojiadian and Mataizi dykes intruded Precambrian basement at 238–234 Ma and the Saheqiao dyke was emplaced into Neoarchean supracrustal rocks later at 223 ± 4 Ma (2s). Bulk-rock geochemistry indicates that the Late Triassic dykes in Eastern Hebei were produced by melting of ancient lithospheric mantle within the garnet-spinel transition zone (~70–80 km), heated by upwelling asthenosphere. This ancient lithospheric mantle had been metasomatized during previous subduction events. The Gaojiadian and Mataizi dykes resulted from higher degrees of partial melting at slightly lower pressures than the Saheqiao dyke. The melting depth of Late Triassic dykes in Eastern Hebei indicates that the intact ancient lithospheric mantle had been at least locally modified/thinned to ~70–80 km by the Late Triassic. The intrusion of these Late Triassic dykes took place at the onset of the lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton, caused by post-collisional extension after subduction and collision of neighboring blocks with the North China Craton