A Study Of The Granulomatous Responses Induced By Different Strains Of Schistosoma Mansoni

The increased pathogenesis of the Schistosoma mansoni BH strain compared with the SJ strain has been attributed to the number of granulomas formed in experimental infections, which increase the mortality in definitive hosts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of granulomas around the eggs of the S. mansoni BH and SJ strains and to determine whether this host reaction was strain specific. Four experimental groups were analyzed. Two groups contained mice inoculated in the caudal vein with eggs from the S. mansoni BH or SJ strains and the other two contained mice that were infected with cercariae of the BH strain prior to being inoculated with eggs. The number of granulomas per tissue area in the lungs and liver, as well as the size of the granulomas, was analyzed to characterize the response to schistosome infection. The largest granulomatous responses were observed around eggs of the BH strain. Granulomas covered a larger area in the lungs of mice that were previously infected with cercariae and subsequently inoculated with eggs of the BH strain. 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Schistosomiasis Mansoni In Urban Northeast Brazil: Influence Of Rainfall Regime On The Population Dynamics Of Biomphalaria Sp

Introduction: Our objective was to evaluate the infl uence of rainfall regime on the population dynamics of Biomphalaria in a potential urban focus of schistosomiasis in Aracaju, Brazil, during 2009-2010. Methods: Snails were collected monthly and were counted, measured and identifi ed; the level of infection and fecal contamination at the sampling sites was determined; rainfall data were obtained. Results: High levels of fecal contamination were observed, and the abundance of Biomphalaria glabrata increased during the rainy and post-rainy seasons. The snails' size was variable, and infected snails were identifi ed independently of rainfall. Conclusions: These results provide evidence of anthropogenic and climate interference in an urban focus of schistosomiasis in the Aracaju metropolitan area.465654657Pordeus, L.C., Aguiar, L.R., Quinino, L.R.M., Barbosa, C.S.A., Ocorrência das formas aguda e crônica da esquistossomose mansônica no Brasil no período de 1997 a 2006: Uma revisão de literatura (2008) Epidemiol Serv Saude, 17, pp. 163-175Souza, M.A.A., Barbosa, V.S., Wanderlei, T.N.G., Barbosa, C.S., Criadouros de Biomphalaria, temporários e permanentes, em Jaboatão dos Guararapes, PE (2008) Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 41, pp. 252-256Araújo, K.C.G.M., Resendes, A.P.C., Souza-Santos, R., Silveira Jr., J.C., Barbosa, C.S., Análise espacial dos focos de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) e de casos humanos de esquistossomose mansônica em Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brasil, no ano 2000 (2007) Cad Saude Publica, 23, pp. 409-417Lima, L.C., Família Planorbidae (1995) Tópicos em Malacologia Médica., pp. 90-112. , In: Barbosa FS, editor. Rio de Janeiro: Fundação Oswaldo Cruz(2005) Resolução CONAMA no 357, , http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/Agua/praias/res_conama_357_05.pdf, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). de 17 de março de. [Cited 2011 February 23]. Available fromSouza, M.A.A., Barbosa, V.S., Albuquerque, J.O., Bocanegra, S., Souza-Santos, R., Paredes, H., Aspectos ecológicos e levantamento malacológico para identificação de áreas de risco para transmissão da esquistossomose mansoni no litoral norte de Pernambuco, Brasil (2010) Iheringia Serie Zoológica, 100, pp. 19-24Barbosa, F.S., Barbosa, C.S., The bioecology of snails vectors for schistosomiasis in Brazil (1994) Cad Saude Publica, 10, pp. 200-209Fernandez, M.A., Thiengo, S.C., Susceptibility of Biomphalaria straminea from Peixe Angical dam, Tocantins, Brazil to infection with three strains of Schistosoma mansoni (2010) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 105, pp. 488-491Barbosa, C.S., Domingues, A.L.C., Abath, F., Montenegro, S.M.L., Guida, U., Carneiro, J., Epidemia de esquistossomose aguda na praia de Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brasil (2001) Cad Saude Publica, 17, pp. 725-728Rollemberg, C.V.V., Santos, C.M.B., Silva, M.M.B.L., Souza, A.M.B., Silva, A.M., Almeida, J.A.P., Aspectos epidemiológicos e distribuição geográfica da esquistossomose e geo-helmintos, no Estado de Sergipe, de acordo com os dados do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (2011) Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 44, pp. 91-96Barbosa, C.S., Montenegro, S.M.L., Abath, F.G., Domingues, A.L.C., Eventos epidemiológicos relacionados à transmissão da esquistossomose em áreas rurais e urbanas de Pernambuco (2002) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 96, pp. 169-172Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica (2008) Vigilância e controle de moluscos de importância epidemiológica: Diretrizes técnicas., , Ministério da Saúde. Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE). 2nded. Brasília: Ministério da Saúd

Hypoxia, Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α And Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor In A Murine Model Of Schistosoma Mansoni Infection

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a chronic parasitic disease where much of the symptomatology is attributed to granuloma formation, an immunopathological reaction against Schistosoma eggs. To more clearly understand the immunopathology of schistosomiasis, the tissue microenvironment generated by S. mansoni infected mice was investigated. Using the hypoxia marker pimonidazole, we provide immunohistochemical evidence that hypoxia occurred in inflammatory cells infiltrated around the eggs and cells surrounding granulomas in the liver, intestine, spleen and lungs of infected mice. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was mainly expressed in inflammatory cells surrounding the eggs and in hepatocytes surrounding cellular and fibrocellular granulomas in infected mouse liver. HIF-1α expression was also verified in granulomas in the other tissues tested (intestine, spleen and lungs). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was observed in the extracellular space surrounding inflammatory cells in liver granuloma. The VEGF expression pattern verified in infected mouse liver was very similar to that observed in the other tissues tested. A strong positive correlation occurred between pimonidazole binding and HIF-1α and VEGF expression in the tissues tested, except for lung. This work is the first evidence that infection by a helminth parasite, S. mansoni, produces a hypoxic tissue microenvironment and induces HIF-1α and VEGF expression. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.893327333Albina, J.E., Mastrofrancesco, B., Vessella, J.A., Louis, C.A., Henry, W.L., Reichner, J.S., HIF-1 expression in healing wounds: HIF-1alpha induction in primary inflammatory cells by TNF-alpha (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 281, pp. C1971-C1977Andrade, Z.A., Cheever, A.W., Alterations of the intrahepatic vasculature in hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis mansoni (1971) Am. J. Trop. Med. 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Res., 151, pp. 580-589Ramos, M.A., Kuzuya, M., Esaki, T., Miura, S., Satake, S., Asai, T., Kanda, S., Iguchi, A., Induction of macrophage VEGF in response to oxidized LDL and VEGF accumulation in human atherosclerotic lesions (1998) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, pp. 1188-1196Rasey, J.S., Hofstrand, P.D., Chin, L.K., Tewson, T.J., Characterization of [18F]fluoroetanidazole, a new radiopharmaceutical for detecting tumor hypoxia (1999) J. Nucl. Med., 40, pp. 1072-1079Semenza, G.L., Agani, F., Feldser, D., Iyer, N., Kotch, L., Laughner, E., Yu, A., Hypoxia, HIF-1, and the pathophysiology of common human disease (2000) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 475, pp. 123-130Shi, S.R., Key, M.E., Kalra, K.L., Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections (1991) J. Histochem. Cytochem., 39, pp. 741-748Sobhanifar, S., Aquino-Parsons, C., Stanbridge, E.J., Olive, P., Reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in perinecrotic regions of solid tumors (2005) Cancer Res., 65, pp. 7259-7266Spear, W., Chan, D., Coppens, I., Johnson, R.S., Giaccia, A., Blader, I.J., The host cell transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is required for Toxoplasma gondii growth and survival at physiological oxygen levels (2006) Cell. Microbiol., 8, pp. 339-352Stadecker, M.J., The development of granulomas in schistosomiasis: genetic backgrounds, regulatory pathways, and specific egg antigen responses that influence the magnitude of disease (1999) Microbes Infect., 1, pp. 505-510Stavitsky, A.B., Regulation of granulomatous inflammation in experimental models of schistosomiasis (2004) Infect. Immun., 72, pp. 1-12Uchida, T., Rossignol, F., Matthay, M.A., Mounier, R., Couette, S., Clottes, E., Clerici, C., Prolonged hypoxia differentially regulates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression in lung epithelial cells: implication of natural antisense HIF-1alpha (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279, pp. 14871-14878Vaupel, P., Harrison, L., Tumor hypoxia: causative factors, compensatory mechanisms, and cellular response (2004) Oncologist, 9, pp. 4-9Via, L.E., Lin, P.L., Ray, S.M., Carrillo, J., Allen, S.S., Eum, S.I., Taylor, K., Barry, C.E., Tuberculous granulomas are hypoxic in guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates (2008) Infect. Immun., 76, pp. 2333-2340von Lichtenberg, F., Sher, A., McIntyre, S., A lung model of schistosome immunity in mice (1977) Am. J. Pathol., 87, pp. 105-123Vordermark, D., Kraft, P., Katzer, A., Bölling, T., Willner, J., Flentje, M., Glucose requirement for hypoxic accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) (2005) Cancer Lett., 30, pp. 122-133Wilson, M.S., Mentink-Kane, M.M., Pesce, J.T., Ramalingam, T.R., Thompson, R., Wynn, T.A., Immunopathology of schistosomiasis (2007) Immunol. Cell Biol., 85, pp. 148-154Yoshioka, L., Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Linares, A.X., Schistosoma ansoni: a study of pathogenesis of Santa Rosa strain (Campinas, SP, Brasil) in mice (2002) Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 35, pp. 203-207Zinkernagel, A.S., Johnson, R.S., Nizet, V., Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) function in innate immunity and infection (2007) J. Mol. Med., 85, pp. 1339-134

Behaviour Of Albino And Melanic Variants Of Biomphalaria Glabrata Say, 1818 (mollusca: Planorbidae) Following Infection By Schistosoma Mansoni Sambon, 1907 [comportamento De Biomphalaria Glabrata Variantes Albina E Melânica Frente à Infecção Pelo Schistosoma Mansoni]

The behaviour of the albino and melanic variants of Biomphalaria glabrata of Belo Horizonte (MG. Brazil) was studied comparatively, in terms of their respective susceptibilities to infection by Schistosoma mansoni of the same origin, through observation of the elimination of cercariae for a three-month period and the calculation of mortality and infection rates, in control and in infected snails. The number of amoebocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes in the circulating hemolymph during different periods of infection was analyzed. The evolution of the infection in the tissues was observed by means of histological cross-sections. The melanic variant showed greater susceptibility to infection and a higher mortality rate. The albino variant showed a higher number of circulating amoebocytes, both granulocytes and hyalinocytes. A higher number of degenerated sporocysts were seen in the histological cross-sections of the albino variant. The results suggest that the melanic variant of B. glabrata was more susceptible to infection by S. mansoni than was the albino variant.691217222Abdul-Salam, J.M., Michelson, E.H., Biomphalaria glabrata amebocytes: Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on in vitro phagocytosis (1980) J. Invertebr. Pathol., 35 (3), pp. 241-248Balan, D.S.L., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Aspectos imunológicos e parasitológicos em Biomphalaria tenagophila infectadas por Schistosoma mansoni e outros Digenea (1993) Rev. Saúde Pública, 27 (6), pp. 21-429Barbosa, L., Silva, L.M., Coelho, P.M.Z., Santos, S.R., Fortes-Dias, C.L., Primary culture of the region of the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni (2006) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 101 (6), pp. 639-643Barbosa, L., Caldeira, R.L., Carvalho, O.S., Vidigal, T.H.D.A., Jannotti-Passos, L.K., Coelho, P.Z., Resistance to Schistosoma mansoni by transplantation of APO Biomphalaria tenagophila (2006) Parasite Immunol., 28 (5), pp. 209-212Bayne, C.J., Loker, E.S., Yui, M.A., Interactions between the plasma proteins of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) and the sporocyst tegument of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematode) (1986) Parasitol., 92 (3), pp. 653-664Boswell, C.A., Bayne, C.J., Lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in an invertebrate model: Con A does not act as bridge (1986) Immunology., 57 (2), pp. 261-264Carton, Y., Nappi, A.J., Poirie, M., Genetics of anti-parasite resistance in invertebrates (2005) Dev. Comp. Immunol., 29 (1), pp. 9-32Castillo, M.G., Yoshino, T.P., Carbohydrate inhibition of Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell adhesion to primary sporocysts to Schistosoma mansoni (2002) Parasitology, 125 (6), pp. 513-525. , (Pt 6)Connors, V.A., Yoshino, T.P., In vitro effect of larval Schistosoma mansoni excretory-secretory products on phagocytosis-stimulated superoxide production in hemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata (1990) J. Parasitol., 76 (6), pp. 895-902Granath Jr., W.O., Yoshino, T.P., Schistosoma mansoni: Passive transfer of resistance by serum in the vector snail, Biomphalaria glabrata (1984) Exp. Parasitol., 58 (2), pp. 188-193Guaraldo, A.M.A., Magalhães, L.A., Rangel, H.A., Pareja, G., Evolução dos esporocistos de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, em Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) e Biomphalaria tenagophila (D'Orbigny, 1835) (1981) Rev. Saúde Pública, 15 (4), pp. 436-448Hahn, U.K., Bender, R.C., Bayne, C.J., Killing of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts by hemocytes from resistant Biomphalaria glabrata: Role of reactive oxygen species (2001) J. Parasitol., 87 (2), pp. 292-299Lie, K.J., Jeong, K.H., Heyneman, D., Tissues reactions induced by Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata (1980) Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 74 (2), pp. 157-166Loker, E.S., Bayne, C.J., In vitro encounters between Schistosoma mansoni primary sporocysts and hemolymph components of susceptible and resistant strains of Biomphalaria glabrata (1982) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 31 (5), pp. 999-1005Loker, E.S., Adema, C.M., Zhang, S.M., Kepler, T.B., Invertebrate immune systems - not homogeneous, not simple, not well understood (2004) Immunol. Rev., 198 (1), pp. 10-24Martins-Souza, R.L., Pereira, C.A.J., Martins Filho, A.O., Coelho, P.M.Z., Corrêa Jr., A., Negrão-Corrêa, D., Differential lectin labelling of circulanting hemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila resistant or suceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection (2006) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 101 (SUPPL. I), pp. 185-192Matricon-Gondran, M., Joke, A., Benex, J., Responses of the amebocytes producing organ (APO) in Biomphalaria glabrata susceptible or resistant to trematode invasion: An ultrastructural study (1986) Dev. Comp. Immunol., 10 (4), p. 636Newton, W.L., The inheritance of susceptibility to infection with Schistosoma mansoni in Australorbis glabratus (1953) Exp. Parasitol, 2 (3), pp. 242-257Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Variation in susceptibility of populations of Australorbis glabratus to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni (1963) Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo, 5 (1), pp. 15-22Richards, C.S., Merritt, J.W., Genetic factors in the susceptibility for juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection (1972) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 21 (4), pp. 425-434Richards, C.S., Susceptibility of adult Biomphalaria glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni infection (1973) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 22 (6), pp. 748-756Richards, C.S., Influence of snail age one genetic variations in susceptibility of Biomphalaria glabrata for infections with Schistosoma mansoni (1984) Malacologia, 25 (2), pp. 493-502Santana, J.V., (1990) Mecanismo de defesa em Biomphalaria tenagophila e Biomphalaria glabrata frente ao Schistosoma mansoni, , Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. (Tese de doutoradoSeta, L., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Comportamento dos amebócitos circulantes de moluscos planorbídeos frente ao parasitismo por larvas de Schistosoma mansoni, à inoculação de tinta Nanquin ou à fratura da concha (1996) Rev. Saúde Publ., 30 (4), pp. 332-340Sminia, T., van Knaap, W.P.W., Cells and molecules in molluscan immunology (1987) Dev. Comp. Immunol., 11 (1), pp. 17-28Stumpf, J.L., Gilbertson, D.E., Hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata: Factor affecting variability (1978) J. Invert. Pathol., 32 (2), pp. 177-181Tripp, M.R., Molluscan immunity (1974) Ann. Acad. N.Y. Sci., 234 (1), pp. 23-27Wright, C.A., Ross, G.C., Electrophoretic studies of blood and egg proteins in Australorbis glabratus (Gastropoda, Planorbidae) (1963) Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 57 (1), pp. 47-5

Occurrence Of Microcerella Halli (engel) (diptera, Sarcophagidae) In Snake Carrion In Southeastern Brazil [ocorrência De Microcerella Halli (engel) (diptera, Sarcophagidae) Em Uma Carcaça De Cobra No Sudeste Brasileiro]

The occurrence of 27 second-instar larvae of the flesh fly Microcerella halli (Engel, 1931) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) in a carcass of a snake usually called as Urutu, Bothrops alternatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae) is reported. The snake was kept in captivity in a snake farm in Morungaba, São Paulo state, Brazil. Descriptions of reptile carcass colonization by insects and general biological data of this flesh fly are scarce and this necrophagic behavior is described for the first time in literature. © 2009 Sociedade Brasileira De Entomologia.532318320Barrio, A., Miranda, M.E., Las diferentes poblaciones de Bothrops alternata Duméril & Bibron (Ophidia, Crotalidae) de la Argentina, consideradas desde el punto de vista morfológico y antigénico (1966) Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 33, pp. 887-892Blackith, R.E., Blackith, G.R., Sarcophagini from northern Sulawesi (Indonesia), including four new species (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (1988) Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 39, pp. 301-311Blackith, R.E., Blackith, G.R., Insect infestation of small corpses (1990) Journal of Natural History, 24, pp. 699-709Blake, D.H., Note on the rearing of Anolisimyia blakeae, a sarcophagid fly from the American chameleon, Anolis carolinensis Voight (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) (1955) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 57, pp. 187-188Campbell, J.A., Lamar, W.W., (1989) The venomous reptiles of Latin America, , Cornell University Press, New York, USACornaby, B.W., Carrion Reduction by Animals in Contrasting Tropical Habitats (1974) Biotropica, 6, pp. 51-63Frye, F.L., (1991) Biomedical and surgical aspects of captive reptile husbandry, , Krieger Publishing Co., Florida, USAGarrigues, R.M., A Cuterebra (Diptera: Cuterebridae) infestation in the Grand Canyon Rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis abyssus, with a list of those recorded from other hosts (1964) Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 67, pp. 689-692Irschick, D.J., Gentry, G., Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck., B., Effects of sarcophagid fly infestations on green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis): an analysis across seasons and age/sex classes (2006) Journal of Herpetology, 40, pp. 107-112Kneidel, K.A., Influence of carcass taxon and size on species composition of carrion-breeding Diptera (1984) American Midland Naturalist, 111, pp. 57-63Lopes, H.S., Two new genera of Neotropical Sarcophagidae (Diptera) (1973) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 33, pp. 193-199Lopes, H.S., The genera of Microcerellini (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (1982) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42, pp. 359-369Mariluis, J.C., Description of a new species of Microcerella (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Argentinean Patagonia (2006) Zootaxa, 1124, pp. 47-53Mavárez-Cardozo, M.G., Espina de Fereira, A.I., Barrios-Ferrer, F.A., Fereira-Paz., J.L., La Entomología Forense y el Neotrópico (2005) Cuadernos de Medicina Forense, 11, pp. 23-33Moretti, T.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Thyssen, P.J., Solis., D.R., Insects on decomposing carcasses of small rodents in a secondary forest in Southeastern Brazil (2008) European Journal of Entomology, 105, pp. 691-696Moura, M.O., Variação espacial como mecanismo promotor da coexistência em comunidades de insetos necrófagos (2004) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 21, pp. 409-419Moura, M.O., de Carvalho, C.J.B., Monteiro-Filho, E.L.A., Estrutura de comunidades necrófagas: efeito da partilha de recursos na diversidade (2005) Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 22, pp. 1134-1140Pape, T., A catalogue of the Sarcophagidae of the World (Insecta: Diptera) (1996) Memoirs of Entomology International, 8, pp. 1-558Schoenly, K., Haskell, N.H., Mills, D.K., Bieme-Ndi, C., Larsen, K., Recreating death's acre in the school yard: using pig carcasses as model corpses to teach concepts of forensic entomology and ecological succession (2006) American Biology Teacher, 68, pp. 402-410Silva, R.J., Prado, A.P., Rodrigues, R.R., Lopes, C.A.M., Godoy, W.A.C., Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) causing myiasis in Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Brazil (1999) Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, p. 630Smith, D.D., Schell., P.T., Powel, R., Parmerlee., J.S., Pharyngeal myiasis by Sarcophagi (sic) larvae (Diptera) in Ameiva chrysolaema (Sauria: Teiidae) from the Dominican Republic (1994) Caribbean Journal of Science, 30, pp. 148-14

Anthelmintic Activity In Vitro And In Vivo Of Baccharis Trimera (less) Dc Against Immature And Adult Worms Of Schistosoma Mansoni

Although its efficiency against all Schistosoma species, praziquantel (PZQ) shows low efficacy against schistosomula and juvenile stages. The potential for development of resistance to PZQ has justified the search for new alternative chemotherapies. In this scenario, studies to new formulations, more comprehensive and without adverse effects, are being conducted. One viable and promising treatment is the study of medicinal plants as a new approach to the experimental treatment for Schistosomiasis. Amongst all the variety of the medicinal species studied, we can highlight Baccharis trimera (Less) DC, known as ". Carqueja-amarga". This paper not only describes the effect of crude dichloromethane extract (DE) and aqueous fraction (AF) obtained from B. trimera, in vitro but also is the first one that investigates the in vivo efficacy of B. trimera against schistosomula, juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni BH strain. In the experiment, mice were treated with DE, AF and PZQ (40 and 200. mg/kg) over the period of larval development (3 and 30 post-infection; pi), and adult worms (60. days post-infection; pi). The in vitro results show that the DE and AF effects are dose-dependents, being the 130. μg/mL the most effective one in a shorter period of incubation. The exposure of the in vitro samples over adult parasites were able to inhibit 100% of the oviposition in females. Likewise caused the mortality of the parasites with morphological alterations on the tegument, on the suckers, oral and acetabulum, in both males and females after 6-72. h of exposure. Additionally, the in vivo treatments against juvenile and adult infection were more effective compared to the control group untreated. Administrations of AF and DE in day 30. pi (juvenile worms) show female worm total burden reductions of 75% and 68% respectively. At the same period of infection reductions of respectively 98% and 97% egg/g in the faeces were seen. In relation to the different egg developmental stages (oogram), the results showed significant reductions, due to the reduction in the number of worms, especially the females. In conclusion, B. trimera exhibits major schistosomicidal effects in vivo against immature and adult worms of S. mansoni, opening up perspectives for future researches on substance or compound isolation and the elucidation of its mechanisms of action. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.13916372Abath, F.G.C., Edeneide, M.X., Allen, R., Gomes, Y.M., Lucena-Silva, N., Baliza, M., Simpson, A.J.G., Characterization of Sm13, a tegumental antigen os Schistosoma mansoni (2000) Parasitol. Res., 86, pp. 745-752Allam, G., Eweas, A.F., Abuelsaad, A.S.A., In vivo schistosomicidal activity of three novels 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives against adult and immature worms of Schistosoma mansoni (2013) Parasitol. Res., 112, pp. 3137-3149Allegretti, S.M., Oliveira, C.N.F., Oliveira, R.N., Frezza, T.F., Rehder, V.L.G., The use of Brazilian medicinal plants to combat Schistosoma mansoni (2012) Schistosomiasis, pp. 27-70. , InTech, Rijeka, M.B. Rokni (Ed.)Badawy, A.A., El-Badrawy, M., Nada, J.M., El-Garem, A.A., Ebeid, F., Abdel-Hady, A.M., Saied, S., Akl, M., Effect of praziquantel on hepatic murine schistosomiasis: histological study, immunolocalization of type III procollagen and serological analysis (1991) Egypt J. Bilharz., 13, pp. 117-129Borella, J.C., Duarte, D.P., Novaretti, A.A.G., Menezes, J.R.A., França, S.C., Rufato, C.B., Santos, P.A.S., Lopes, N.P., Variabilidade sazonal do teor de saponinas de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC (Carqueja) e isolamento de flavona (2006) Braz de Farmacognosia, 16, pp. 557-561Brindley, P.J., Strand, M., Norden, A.P., Sher, A., Role of host antibody in the chemeotherapeutic action of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni: identification of target antigens (1989) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 34, pp. 99-108de Oliveira, R.N., Rehder, V.L.G., Oliveira, A.S.S., Montanari, I., Jeraldo, V.L.S., Linhares, A.X., de Ruiz, A.L.T.G., Allegretti, S.M., Schistosoma mansoni: in vitro schistosomicidal activity of essential oil of Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (2012) Exp. Parasitol., 132, pp. 135-143Delgado, V.S., Suárez, D.P., Cesari, I.M., Hincam, R.N., Experimental chemotherapy of Schistosoma mansoni with praziquantel and oxamniquine: differential effect of single or combined formulations of drugs on various strains on both sexes of the parasite (1992) Prasitol. Res., 78, pp. 648-654Denny, C., Zacharias, M.E., Ruiz, A.L., do Carmo, E., do Amaral, M., Bittrich, V., Kohn, L.K., Foglio, M.A., Antiproliferative properties of polyketides isolated from Virola sebifera leaves (2008) Phytother. Res., 22, pp. 127-130Dias, L.F.T., Melo, E.S., Hernandes, L.S., Bacchi, E., Atividades antiúlcera e antioxidante Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (Asteraceae) (2009) Braz. J. Pharmacog., 19, pp. 309-314Dickel, M.L., Rates, S.M., Ritter, M.R., Plants popularly used for losing weight purposes in Porto Alegre, South Brazil (2007) J. Ethnopharmacol., 109, pp. 60-71Doenhoff, M.J., Hassounah, O., Murare, H., Bain, J., Lucas, S., The schistosome egg granuloma: immunopathology in the cause of host protection or parasite survival? (1986) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 80, pp. 503-514Doenhoff, M.J., Sabah, A.A., Fletcher, C., Webbe, G., Bain, J., Evidence for a immune-dependent action of praziquantel on Schistosoma mansoni in mice (1987) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81, pp. 947-951Doenhoff, M.J., Cioli, D., Utzinger, J., Praziquantel: mechanism of action, resistance and new derivatives for schistosomiasis (2008) Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 21, pp. 659-667Drescher, K.M., Rogers, E.J., Bruce, J.I., Katz, N., Dias, L.C., Coles, G.C., Response of drug resistant isolates of Schistosoma mansoni to antischistosomal agents (1993) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 88, pp. 89-95Drury, R.A.B., Wallington, E.A., (1980) Carleton Histological Technique, , Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, TorontoEl Ridi, R., Tallima, H., Salah, M., Aboueldahab, M., Fahmy, O.M., Al-Halbosiy, M.F., Mahmoud, S.S., Efficacy and mechanism of action of arachidonic acid in the tretatment of hamsters infected with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium (2012) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 39, pp. 232-239El-Lakkany, N.M., El-Din, S.H.S., Haemin enhances the in vivo efficacy of artemether against juvenile and adult Schistsoma mansoni in mice (2013) Parasitol. 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Effect Of Praziquantel In Liposomes On Schistosoma Mansoni Eggs At Different Development Stages [efeito Do Praziquantel Incorporado A Lipossomas Nos Diferentes Estágios De Desenvolvimento Dos Ovos De Schistosoma Mansoni]

Mansonian schistosomiasis is caused by an intravascular digenetic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Praziquantel (PZQ) and oxamniquine (OXA) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of this disease. However, both drugs are subject to some limitations in their action and cases of tolerance and resistance have been reported. Moreover, tolerance and resistance cases have been reported. For this reason, there is an urgent need for research on new alternatives aimed at improving the action of existing drugs, such as the incorporation of these drugs into liposomes. In this study, the efficiency of action of liposome- encapsulated praziquantel (lip.PZQ) on oviposition by S. mansoni, strain BH, was assessed in Mus musculus mices (SPF Swiss mice). Four PZQ and lip.PZQ doses (47; 60; 250 e 300mg/kg) were tested. Some mice were treated 30 days post-infection and others after 45 days. 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Bovine fasciolisis in São Paulo state, Brazil

Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution caused by Fasciola hepatica, which leads to severe economic losses in cattle such as reducing meat and milk production, livers condemnation, growth retardation and increase in mortality. From October 2008 to April 2011, condemned bovine livers in slaughterhouses of different municipalities from São Paulo state, Brazil were evaluated for the presence of Fasciola hepatica. Out of 20,635 analyzed livers, 1422 were infected with F. hepatica. These cattle came from 33 municipalities, out of which 16 showed infected animals and where 7 municipalities did not show statistical difference between each month throughout the year: Tuiuti – 276/1408 (19,6%), Atibaia – 44/257 (17,1%), Joanópolis – 116/738 (15,7%), Bragança Paulista – 318/2316 (13,3%), Piracaia – 182/1442 (12,6%), Santo Antonio de Posse – 118/1005 (11,7%), Amparo 131/2003 (6,5%). The other nine municipalities, Monte Alegre do Sul, Descalvado, Campinas, Morungaba, Pedreira, Socorro, Munhoz, Jaguariúna and Itatiba showed a positive percentage varying from 5.08% to 1.46%. Our results demonstrated the presence of F. hepatica in this region was higher than official data, bringing the need for control measures. There is also an apparent increase in fasciolosis two to three months after low to medium precipitation, however high precipitation causes a decrease in fasciolosis prevalence17COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçã

Phytol, A Diterpene Alcohol From Chlorophyll, As A Drug Against Neglected Tropical Disease Schistosomiasis Mansoni

Background:Schistosomiasis is a major endemic disease that affects hundreds of millions worldwide. Since the treatment and control of this parasitic disease rely on a single drug, praziquantel, it is imperative that new effective drugs are developed. Here, we report that phytol, a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties in vitro and in a mouse model of schistosomiasis mansoni.Methods and findings:In vitro, phytol reduced the motor activity of worms, caused their death and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis showed extensive tegumental alterations in a concentration-dependent manner (50 to 100 μg/mL). Additionally, phytol at sublethal doses (25 μg/mL) reduced the number of Schistosoma mansoni eggs. In vivo, a single dose of phytol (40 mg/kg) administered orally to mice infected with adult S. mansoni resulted in total and female worm burden reductions of 51.2% and 70.3%, respectively. Moreover, phytol reduced the number of eggs in faeces (76.6%) and the frequency of immature eggs (oogram pattern) was significantly reduced. The oogram also showed increases in the proportion of dead eggs. Confocal microcopy studies revealed tegumental damage in adult S. mansoni recovered from mice, especially in female worms.Conclusions:The significant reduction in parasite burden by this chlorophyll molecule validates phytol as a promising drug and offers the potential of a new direction for chemotherapy of human schistosomiasis. Phytol is a common food additive and nonmutagenic, with satisfactory safety. 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Alcohol consumption alters anti-Strongyloides stercoralis antibodies production

Individuals infected with Strongyloides stercoralis have been reported to produce different immunoglobulins isotypes, yet few studies have evaluated their use in strongyloidiasis diagnosis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the immunoreactivity of different classes and subclasses of anti-S. stercoralis circulating antibodies in alcoholic patients by ELISA and to perform immunoblotting in samples with discordant results between parasitological and immunological methods. 345 male patients with a clinical diagnosis of alcoholism hospitalized at a reference center for alcoholics in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, were included in this study. The fecal samples were examined by three different parasitological methods (spontaneous sedimentation, Baermann-Moraes and Agar Plate Culture methods). The ELISA was performed for the detection of IgG, IgG1, IgG4, IgE and IgA1 anti-S. stercoralis. Immunoblotting, for the detection of specific IgA1, was used to elucidate discordant results between parasitological and immunological methods. S. stercoralis infection frequency in alcoholic patients by parasitological methods was 21.4% (74/345). Although IgE-ELISA demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity in non-alcoholic patients, about 30% (22/74) of alcoholics with larvae in feces were negative. IgG1-ELISA detected the lowest frequency of antibodies in alcoholic patients with larvae in feces, only 57% (42/74). IgG4-ELISA was the best assay for S. stercoralis infection immunodiagnosis. Immunoreactivity in the immunoblotting for IgA1 at 90, 75, 26 and/or 17 kDa bands was observed in 92% (33/36) of alcoholics with larvae excretion and negative ELISA for one or more antibody isotypes. In conclusion, IgG4-ELISA showed the highest sensitivity and specificity, thus demonstrating its superiority for strongyloidiasis immunodiagnosis in alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals. Both, IgE and IgG1-ELISA presented high sensitivities and specificities for S. stercoralis infection diagnosis in non-alcoholics, however there was low reactivity in alcoholic individuals. This can be associated with an increased susceptibility to severe strongyloidiasis in these patients. IgA1-immunoblotting can be used to confirm S. stercoralis infection when there are discordant results between parasitological methods and ELISA2252FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DA BAHIA - FAPESBSUS0012/201