Update on the human microbiome and its clinical importance

Background: The human microbiota is all microorganisms that live on and in humans as gut microbiota, vaginal microbiota, skin microbiota and so. The human microbiome consists of the human microbiota and the genes these cells harbor. The human microbiome is characterized by the huge number and wide diversity. The multi-omic approaches, including phylogenetic marker-based microbiome profiling, shotgun metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and metabolomics, have enabled the efficient characterization of microbial communities. The human microbiome produces a high amount of metabolites that can affect its host to the degree some scientists have considered it especially the gut microbiome as an extraorgan. The human microbiome accomplishes many vital processes. It maintains intestinal integrity and supports its barrier function. It provides essential nutrients like vitamin K and vitamin B. The human microbiome is vital to the innate and adaptive immune system. Disturbance of human microbiome can lead to somatic diseases as autoimmune diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, DM type II, and the development of cancer. Besides, the somatic disorders, dysbiosis was associated with autism and psychiatric disorders. This review article aims to shed light on updates on human microbiomes and its importance to human health. It will discuss the relation of dysbiosis to human diseases

Conscious Brain Mind-Controlled Cybonthitic Cyborg Bionic-Leg -- V2

Lower limb amputations affect about 28.9 million people worldwide, influencing normal human functions, we are developing a conscious brain mind-controlled Cybonthitic cyborg bionic-leg to provide a professional solution for this problem, which is classified as restricted knee movement, short-term solution, limited pressure bearing, unspecific analog reading of EMG; Because the output voltage measured in nano-volts, resulting in unspecific knee movement. The functionality of these modern gadgets is still limited due to a lack of neuromuscular control (i.e. For movement creation, control relies on human efferent neural signals to peripheral muscles). Electromyographic (EMG) or myoelectric signals are neuromuscular control signals that can be recorded from muscles for our engineering goals. We worked on a sophisticated prosthetic knee design with a 100-degree angle of motion. We also used a specific type of coiled spring to absorb abrupt or unexpected motion force. In addition, we amplified the EMG output from (Nano-Voltage) to (Milli-Voltage) using customized instrumentation amplifiers (operational amplifiers). We used a full-wave rectifier to convert AC to DC, as a consequence of these procedures, sine-wave output voltage measures in millivolts, and the spring constant indicates the most force for every 1cm. Von mises Stress analysis shows bearing as 3000N is the maximum load for the design. Detecting the edge of a stairwell using the first derivative. The benefit of a system that controls the prosthetic limb is activated by the patient's own EMG impulses, rather than sensors linked to the body

Repair of low anorectal anomalies in female patients: risk factors for wound dehiscence

Background/purpose: Wound dehiscence after rectoperineal/vestibular fistulae repair may have adverse effects on the continence mechanism with delayed functional sequels. We report the incidence of wound complications following the sagittal anorectoplasty in a group of female patients, in addition to studying the effect of some possible risk factors.Patients and methods: This is a prospective cohort study conducted on female patients with rectoperineal or rectovestibular fistula operated during the period from January 2011 to December 2015. Patients were divided into three groups: group A (no dehiscence); group B (minor dehiscence); and group C (major dehiscence). Patients were compared regarding their age at the time of repair, the type of anorectal anomaly, the degree of dilation of the colon, and the prevalence of covering colostomy.Results: The study included 63 female patients. Group A included 34 patients (those with no dehiscence, 52.4%), group B included 17 patients (minor wound dehiscence, 26.98%), and group C included 13 patients (major wound dehiscence, 20.6%). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups regarding the studied risk factors.Conclusion: With regard to the wound complications following the repair of rectoperineal/vestibular fistulae in the female patients, none of the studied risk factors appear to have a significant effect on the outcome.Keywords: anterior sagittal anorectoplasty, colostomy, posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, rectoperineal fistula, rectovestibular fistula, wound dehiscenc

Reversal of endotheual dysfunction after AF cardioversion

BackgroundFlow abnormalities which occur in AF patient due to irregular heart rate which resultant turbulent flow both in left atrium and systemically may lead to endothelial dysfunction.Aim of the workTo detect endothelial dysfunction in non rheumatic AF patient. And test the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is reversible upon restoration of normal sinus rhythm and correction of the blood flow dynamics.MethodEndothelium-dependent (flow-mediated dilation) vasodilator function of brachial artery was measured using high resolution ultrasound in 30 patients with persistent non rheumatic AF who were scheduled for elective electrical cardioversion and in 10 control subjects. In patients who remained in sinus rhythm after cardioversion, these measurements were repeated after one month and two months. Compared with control subjects, patients showed lower FMD during AF (6.66±1.62% vs 14.29±2.93%, p<0.001). In patients who remained in sinus rhythm, FMD increased at both one month (6.66±1.62% vs 10.71±2.81%, p<0.001) and two months (6.66±1.62% vs 14.28±3.48%, p<0.001).ConclusionThere is endothelial dysfunction associated with non-rheumatic persistent AF patients which is reversible upon restoration of normal sinus rhythm and correction of blood flow dynamics

Foreign body ingestion in children: unusual presentations and timely intervention

Background/purpose: Foreign body (FB) ingestion in children is very common. Children can ingest a wide variety of FBs. Most of the ingested FBs pass spontaneously through the gastrointestinal tract. Other FBs, especially uncommonly ingested objects, can present with complications and need intervention to be extracted. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of timely intervention to extract these FBs.Patients and methods: Between November 2012 and October 2017, patients who presented to our department with variously ingested FBs were retrospectively reviewed to detect those who needed intervention (surgical or endoscopic) to extract these FBs.Results: During the specified time period, 480 patients with FB ingestion presented to our department. Out of these children, 12 patients ingested uncommon FBs or presented with symptoms of complications of impaction and needed intervention to extract these FBs. Three patients ingested multiple magnets. Three patients ingested pins which were impacted in and penetrated the duodenum. One patient ingested a screw which was impacted in the appendix. One patient ingested a sticky rubber toy which was impacted in the pylorus. One patient ingested hair (bezoar), which was also impacted in the pylorus. One patient ingested a disk battery which was impacted in and penetrated the esophagus, and all were surgically extracted. One patient had a slipped stent of repaired choanal atresia which was impacted in the gastroesophageal junction and one patient with repaired tracheoesophageal fistula ingested a stone which was impacted at the site of esophageal anastomosis, and both were endoscopically retrieved.Conclusion: Children who ingested uncommon FBs or presented late with symptoms of complications of impaction needed intervention (surgically or endoscopically) to extract these FBs.Keywords: foreign bodies, foreign body extraction, ingestion, magnets ingestion, pin ingestio

M1/M2 Macrophage Polarity in Normal and Complicated Pregnancy

Tissue macrophages play an important role in all stages of pregnancy, including uterine stromal remodeling (decidualization) before embryo implantation, parturition, and postpartum uterine involution. The activation state and function of utero-placental macrophages are largely dependent on the local tissue microenvironment. Thus, macrophages are involved in a variety of activities such as regulation of immune cell activities, placental cell invasion, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Disruption of the uterine microenvironment, particularly during the early stages of pregnancy (decidualization, implantation, and placentation) can have profound effects on macrophage activity and subsequently impact pregnancy outcome. In this review, we will provide an overview of the temporal and spatial regulation of utero-placental macrophage activation during normal pregnancy in humans and rodents with a focus on more recent findings. We will also discuss the role of M1/M2 dysregulation within the intrauterine environment during adverse pregnancy outcomes