Effect of immobilization stress on scratching behavior in male rat

زمینه و هدف: استرس یکی از بزرگترین مشکلات روانی بوده و زمینه ساز بسیاری از مشکلات سلامتی از جمله بیماری های عروقی قلب، مغز، سرطان ها و تضعیف ایمنی می باشد. از آنجا که بین استرس و التهاب پوست از یک طرف و التهاب پوست و خارش از طرف دیگر رابطه وجود دارد، در این مطالعه اثر استرس بر خارش پوست بررسی گردید. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 26 سر موش نر صحرایی به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و مورد تقسیم شدند. استرس روزی دو ساعت و به مدت 5 روز به گروه مورد القا شد. میزان خارش پس از هر دوره استرس به مدت 1 ساعت شمارش و ثبت گردید. 24 ساعت پس از آخرین استرس میزان خارش نیز ثبت و نمونه خون به منظور شمارش گلبول های سفید از موش ها گرفته شد. وزن موش ها قبل و پس از القا استرس اندازه گیری و ثبت شد. داده ها به کمک آزمون آماری t تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: در مقایسه با گروه کنترل، میانگین دفعات خارش در گروه مورد در روزهای سوم (05/0

Effect of Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome on Cerebral Ischemia

Objective(s)Opioid abuse is still remained a major mental health problem, a criminal legal issue and may cause ischemic brain changes including stroke and brain edema. In the present study, we investigated whether spontaneously withdrawal syndrome might affect stroke outcomes.Materials and MethodsAddiction was induced by progressive incremental doses of morphine over 7 days. Behavioral signs of withdrawal were observed 24, 48 and 72 hr after morphine deprivation and total withdrawal score was determined. Cerebral ischemia was induced 18-22 hr after the last morphine injection by placing a natural clot into the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Neurological deficits were evaluated at 2, 24 and 48 hr after ischemia induction, and infarct size and brain edema were determined at 48 hr after stroke.ResultsMorphine withdrawal animals showed a significant increase in total withdrawal score and decrease of weight gain during the 72 hr after the last morphine injection. Compared to the addicted and control animals, infarct volume and brain edema were significantly increased in the morphine deprived animals (P< 0.05) at 48 hr after cerebral ischemia. Also, neurological deficits were higher in the morphine-withdrawn rats at 48 hr after stroke (P< 0.05). ConclusionOur data indicates that spontaneous withdrawal syndrome may worsen stroke outcomes. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate mechanisms of opiate withdrawal syndrome on stroke

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Teucrium polium, Descurainia sophia and Artemisia aucheri on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in male rat

زمینه و هدف: سندرم ترک یکی از عوارض خطرناک و بحرانی سوء استفاده از مواد مخدر است و درمان آن از اولویت‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های بهداشتی و درمانی محسوب می شود. هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر عصاره خاکشیر، درمنه و کلپوره بر علائم ناشی از سندرم ترک مورفین می باشد. روش‌ بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 40 سر موش صحرایی نر به چهار گروه مساوی شامل: گروه کنترل که مورفین، نالوکسان و آب مقطر دریافت کردند، گروه وابسته به مورفین و درمان با عصاره خاکشیر ( mg/kg 400)، گروه وابسته به مورفین و درمان با عصاره کلپوره (mg/kg 600) و گروه وابسته به مورفین و درمان با عصاره درمنه (mg/kg 200) تقسیم شدند. گروه‌ها بمدت 7 روز مورفین دریافت کردند. بعد از وابستگی، در روز هفتم، عصاره ها به هر حیوان از طریق یک کاتتر دهانی- معدی داده شد. یک ساعت بعد mg/kg 0/5 نالوکسان بصورت داخل صفاقی تزریق و هر حیوان جداگانه در قفس به مدت چهل دقیقه به صورت مستقیم مشاهده وسپس متغیرهای کیفیت مدفوع، تعداد دفعات دفع، وزن مدفوع، درازکشیدن، خارش و پرش تعیین گردید. یافته‌ها: در این مطالعه تجربی عصاره خاکشیر سبب کاهش معنی ‌دار بر شاخص‌های دراز کشیدن، درصد کاهش وزن و خارش نسبت به گروه کنترل شد. در گروه تحت درمان با عصاره کلپوره، کاهش معنی دار دفعات پرش و دراز کشیدن در مقایسه با گروه کنترل مشاهده شد. عصاره درمنه نیز، شاخص خارش را در مقایسه با کنترل کاهش داد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که عصاره ‌های مورد نظر اثر قابل ملاحظه‌‌ای بر کاهش علایم سندرم ترک ناشی از مورفین دارند. مطالعات بیشتری برای تأثیر اثر این گیاهان بر سندرم ترک مورفین توصیه می شود

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Artemisia aucheri on castor oil-induced diarrhea in male rat

زمینه و هدف: اسهال یکی از مشکلات بهداشتی در سراسر جهان و یکی از شایع ترین علل مرگ در کودکان است. در این پژوهش اثر عصاره درمنه کوهی (aucheri Artemisia) بر اسهال ایجاد شده توسط روغن کرچک مطالعه شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 30 سر موش صحرایی نر به پنج گروه مساوی شامل گروه های دریافت کننده عصاره با دوزهای 50، 100 و 200 (mg/kg)، دیفنوکسیلات (mg/kg 5) و گروه شاهد یا حلال (سرم فیزیولوژی) تقسیم شدند. یک ساعت پس از خوراندن داروها یا حلال در حجم ml/kg 10، روغن کرچک به مقدار 2 میلی لیتر به هر حیوان از طریق یک کاتتر دهانی- معدی داده شد. سپس دفع حیوان جداگانه در قفس به مدت پنج ساعت مشاهده شد و کیفیت، تعداد دفعات و وزن مدفوع تعیین گردید. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون ANOVA و تست تعقیبی Tukey آنالیز شدند و 05/0P< به عنوان اختلاف معنی دار در نظر گرفته شد. یافته ها: دیفنوکسیلات و دوزهای mg/kg 100 و mg/kg 200 درمنه، درصد کاهش وزن حیوانات، تعداد دفعات دفع و وزن کل مدفوع را کاهش دادند (05/0

Bio-effectiveness of the main flavonoids of Achillea millefolium in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders- a review

The Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) is a common herb which is widely being used, worldwide. Achillea is being used for treatment of many disorders since centuries. It is considered safe for supplemental use and flavonoids such as kaempferol, luteolin and apigenin are of main constituents present in Achillea. Most of both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this herb have been attributed to its flavonoid content. Oxidative and inflammatory processes play important roles in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Present review was aimed to review the latest literature evidences regarding application of Achillea and/or its three main flavonoid constituents on epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and stroke

TRPV1 receptor-mediated expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

Objective(s): Stroke is known as a main cause of mortality and prolonged disability in adults. Both transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in mediating the inflammatory responses. In the present study, the effects of TRPV1 receptor activation and blockade on stroke outcome and gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were assessed following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Materials and Methods: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: sham, vehicle, AMG9810 (TRPV1 antagonist) -treated and capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) -treated. For Stroke induction, the middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded and then behavioral functions were evaluated 1, 3 and 7 days after stroke. Results: TRPV1 antagonism significantly reduced the infarct volume compared to the stroke group. Also, neurological deficits were decreased by AMG9810 seven days after cerebral ischemia. In the ledged beam-walking test, the slip ratio was enhanced following ischemia. AMG9810 decreased this index in stroke animals. However, capsaicin improved the ratio 3 and 7 days after cerebral ischemia. Compared to the sham group, the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was significantly increased in the stroke rats. AMG9810 Administration significantly reduced the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. However, capsaicin did not significantly affect the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that TRPV1 antagonism by AMG9810 attenuates behavioral function and mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Thus, it might be useful to shed light on future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Effects of Exercise and Estrogen on Anxiety-like Behaviors in ‎Ovariectomized Mice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anxiety is a major symptom of menopause caused by loss of ovarian activity. Anxiety increases the intensity of vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. This study aimed to compare the effects of exercise and estrogen on anxiety level of ovariectomized mice.&nbsp; METHODS: This empirical study was conducted on 28 mice (weight: 25-35 grams) divided into four groups of seven, including ovariectomy, ovariectomy and exercise, ovariectomy and estrogen (40 mg/kg of estradiol valerate), and ovariectomy combined with exercise and estrogen. Animals were initially ovariectomized and one week later, they were placed on treadmills to run at medium intensity for 30 minutes per day. Intervention continued for five days per week, and after four weeks, anxiety was evaluated using elevated plus-maze. FINDINGS: In this study, estrogen significantly increased the percentage of open arm entry (OAE) compared to ovariectomy group (22.13&plusmn;4.72 vs. 4.91&plusmn;3.18, respectively) (p<0.05). In addition, combination of estrogen and exercise significantly increased open arm time (OAT) compared to ovariectomy group (46.19&plusmn;6.82 vs. 4.91&plusmn;3.18, respectively) (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between exercise and estrogen groups. Also, exercise alone increased OAE compared to ovariectomy group (24.54&plusmn;3.18 vs. 13.79&plusmn; 3.23, respectively) (p<0.05). Percentage of OAE in groups of estrogen, exercise and combined exercise and estrogen was 30.61&plusmn;1.25, 24.54&plusmn;3.18 and 46.08&plusmn;1.04, respectively, which was indicative of no significant difference. However, estrogen and combined estrogen and exercise significantly increased OAE compared to ovariectomy group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, similar to estrogen, exercise could reduce the anxiety induced by ovariectomy in mice.&nbsp

The effect of intra-striatal administration of GPR55 agonist (LPI) and antagonist (ML193) on sensorimotor and motor functions in a Parkinson's disease rat model

Objective:G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor with various physiological functions. Recent evidence suggests that this receptor may be involved in the control of motor functions. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effects of intra-striatal administration of GPR55 selective ligands in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.Methods:Experimental Parkinson was induced by unilateral intra-striatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 10 μg/rat). L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI, 1 and 5 μg/rat), an endogenous GPR55 agonist, and ML193 (1 and 5 μg/rat), a selective GPR55 antagonist, were injected into the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Motor performance and balance skills were evaluated using the accelerating rotating rod and the ledged beam tests. The sensorimotor function of the forelimbs and locomotor activity were assessed by the adhesive removal and open field tests, respectively.Results:6-OHDA-lesioned rats had impaired behaviors in all tests. Intra-striatal administration of LPI in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats increased time on the rotarod, decreased latency to remove the label, with no significant effect on slip steps, and locomotor activity. Intra-striatal administration of ML193 also increased time on the rotarod, decreased latency to remove the label and slip steps in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats mostly at the dose of 1 μg/rat.Conclusions:This study suggests that the striatal GPR55 is involved in the control of motor functions. However, considering the similar effects of GPR55 agonist and antagonist, it may be concluded that this receptor has a modulatory role in the control of motor deficits in an experimental model of Parkinson. © 2020 Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology