Autour des Equations de Maxwell

National audienceUne série de manipulations autour des équations de Maxwell est présentée. Ces travaux s'adressent aux domaines de l'électromagnétisme et de l'algèbre vectorielle dans l'enseignement de la Physique et des Sciences pour l'Ingénieur des licences sciences et technologies, classes préparatoires, écoles d'ingénieur. La problématique générale est posée, en lien étroit avec les matériels utilisés : sources de potentiel, de champ électrique et de champ magnétique, capteurs adaptés, magnétorésistance et bobines de capture, sonde de mesure gradiométrique de potentiel et de champ électrique sans contact. Une quinzaine de manipulations de travaux pratiques sont décrites à des degrés divers, attachées aux 4 équations de Maxwell. La démarche a été mise en oeuvre auprès d'étudiants de niveau L2, au travers de la moitié des manipulations décrites. L'ensemble " autour des équations de Maxwell " implique une démarche distribuée au long des cursus, avec des ressorts pédagogiques liés notamment à la récurrence de l'utilisation de concepts, outils numériques, instruments scientifiques et à leurs approfondissements successifs. Elle est ouverte sur des suites possibles à donner : pistes de recherches notamment en didactique des Sciences, et pistes de développements industriels

Towards the understanding of the cocoa transcriptome: Production and analysis of an exhaustive dataset of ESTs of Theobroma cacao L. generated from various tissues and under various conditions

Theobroma cacao L., is a tree originated from the tropical rainforest of South America. It is one of the major cash crops for many tropical countries. T. cacao is mainly produced on smallholdings, providing resources for 14 million farmers. Disease resistance and T. cacao quality improvement are two important challenges for all actors of cocoa and chocolate production. T. cacao is seriously affected by pests and fungal diseases, responsible for more than 40% yield losses and quality improvement, nutritional and organoleptic, is also important for consumers. An international collaboration was formed to develop an EST genomic resource database for cacao. Fifty-six cDNA libraries were constructed from different organs, different genotypes and different environmental conditions. A total of 149,650 valid EST sequences were generated corresponding to 48,594 unigenes, 12,692 contigs and 35,902 singletons. A total of 29,849 unigenes shared significant homology with public sequences from other species. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation was applied to distribute the ESTs among the main GO categories. A specific information system (ESTtik) was constructed to process, store and manage this EST collection allowing the user to query a database. To check the representativeness of our EST collection, we looked for the genes known to be involved in two different metabolic pathways extensively studied in other plant species and important for T. cacao qualities: the flavonoid and the terpene pathways. Most of the enzymes described in other crops for these two metabolic pathways were found in our EST collection. A large collection of new genetic markers was provided by this ESTs collection. This EST collection displays a good representation of the T. cacao transcriptome, suitable for analysis of biochemical pathways based on oligonucleotide microarrays derived from these ESTs. It will provide numerous genetic markers that will allow the construction of a high density gene map of T. cacao. This EST collection represents a unique and important molecular resource for T. cacao study and improvement, facilitating the discovery of candidate genes for important T. cacao trait variation. (Résumé d'auteur

« Transportation procurement for franchise networks »

International audienceThis paper presents the results of an exploratory study aimed at better understanding the benefit, for franchise networks, of optimizing the transport department, hitherto largely overshadowed. This thought process is based on the theoretical work on resources and skills that can typically generate sustainable competitive advantage for the company. They assume the existence of reasonably mature relations between these actors, thereby allowing a long-term relationship where, in most cases, a "win-win" logic should apply. From a field study conducted in 2014 and 2015, recommendations are suggested for a better management of relationships between franchise networks and the transportation service provider (TSP)

Maîtrise de la chaîne logistique et relation de franchise : une perspective de recherche prometteuse

International audienceSince the 1980s, the franchise relationship has given rise to numerous investigations in marketing and distribution. It refers to a contract between legally independent companies, the franchisor and franchisees. The franchisor owns a brand and/or concept, while franchisees exploit the franchisor's brand and/or concept. In the managerial literature, this inter-organizational collaboration is often analyzed from the financial and commercial point of view. On the other hand, the logistics point of view has been rarely addressed in this literature. Beyond its procurement and distribution function, we need to know if the logistics management offers a source of competitive advantage over the competitors, and the conditions under which value-added supply chains make franchise network more attractive to franchisees. The programmatic article indicates the presence of a promising research perspective at this level and highlights the issues at stake.Depuis les années 1980, la relation de franchise a donné lieu à de nombreuses investigations dans le domaine du marketing et de la distribution. Elle fait référence à un contrat qui lie des entreprises juridiquement indépendantes, le franchiseur et les franchisés. Le franchiseur est propriétaire d'une marque et/ou d'un concept, tandis que les franchisés exploitent cette marque et/ou ce concept. Dans la littérature managériale, cette collaboration inter-organisationnelle est souvent analysée sous les angles financiers et commerciaux. En revanche, l'angle logistique y est très peu abordé. Au-delà de sa fonction d'approvisionnement et de distribution, nous devons savoir si le management de la logistique offre un avantage concurrentiel vis-à-vis des concurrents, et les conditions dans lesquelles les chaînes logistiques à valeur ajoutée rendent le réseau de franchise plus attractif pour les franchisés. De nature programmatique, l'article indique la présence d'une perspective de recherche prometteuse à ce niveau et en souligne les enjeux

Exploring the Franchisor-Franchisee Relationship: A Logistical Service-Oriented Perspective, Chapter 1, in Mehdi KHOSROW-POUR (Edited by),

International audienc

Exploring the Franchisor-Franchisee Relationship: A Logistical Service-Oriented Perspective, Chapter 1, in Mehdi KHOSROW-POUR (Edited by),

International audienc