Stress of Conscience: Concept Clarification

Workers in healthcare systems are predisposed to work-related stress based on moral factors. Stress results when nurses are exposed to ambiguous moral situations, or when they are prevented by hospitals or their employees from doing what they ought to do. Such experiences have been described as stress of conscience because they give rise to a troubled conscience. Empirical studies indicate that health care employees, including nurses, sometimes refer to stress of conscience when faced with ethically difficult situations related to patient care

Patterns of Knowing in Breast Cancer Screening among Minority Women in the United States: Theoretical Application

Carper identified four fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing, empirics, esthetics, personal knowing, and ethics, which are necessary for the teaching, practice, and research. A different method of analysis is required to find evidence, understand each pattern and develop knowledge about each pattern. In this paper the authors try to apply types of knowing into a suggested model about the behaviors and barriers to breast cancer (BC) screening among minority women in the United States