Integration of the Process Algebra CSP in Dependent Type Theory - Formalisation and Verification

We introduce a library called CSP-Agda for representing processes in the dependently typed theorem prover and interactive programming language Agda. We will enhance processes by a monad structure. The monad struc-ture facilitates combining processes in a modular way, and allows to define recursion as a direct operation on processes. Processes are defined coinduc-tively as non-well-founded trees. The nodes of the tree are formed by a an atomic one step relation, which determines for a process the external, internal choices, and termination events it can choose, and whether the process has terminated. The data type of processes is inspired by Setzer and Hancock’s notion of interactive programs in dependent type theory. The operators of CSP will be defined rather than atomic operations, and compute new ele-ments of the data type of processes from existing ones.The approach will make use of advanced type theoretic features: the use of inductive-recursively defined universes; the definition of coinductive types by their observations, which has similarities to the notion of an object in object-oriented programming; the use of sized types for coinductive types, which allow coinductive definitions in a modular way; the handling of fini-tary information (names of processes) in a coinductive settings; the use of named types for automatic inference of arguments similar to its use in tem-plate Meta-programming in C++; and the use of interactive programs in dependent type theory.We introduce a simulator as an interactive program in Agda. The simula-tor allows to observe the evolving of processes following external or internal choices. Our aim is to use this in order to simulate railway interlocking system and write programs in Agda which directly use CSP processes.Then we extend the trace semantics of CSP to the monadic setting. We implement this semantics, together with the corresponding refinement and equality relation, formally in CSP-Agda. In order to demonstrate the proof capabilities of CSP-Agda, we prove in CSP-Agda selected algebraic laws of CSP based on the trace semantics. Because of the monadic settings, some adjustments need to be made to these laws.Next we implement the more advanced semantics of CSP, the stable fail-ures semantics and the failures divergences infinite traces semantics (FDI), in CSP-Agda, and define the corresponding refinement and equality relations. Direct proofs in these semantics are cumbersome, and we develop a tech-nique of showing algebraic laws in those semantics in an indirect way, which is much easier. We introduce divergence-respecting weak bisimilarity and strong bisimilarity in CSP-Agda, and show that both imply equivalence with respect to stable failures and FDI semantics. Now we show certain algebraic laws with respect to one of these two bisimilarity relations. As a case study, we model and verify a possible scenario for railways in CSP-Agda and in standard CSP tools

Graduate Students’ Perceptions of the Impact of the Alternative National English Course on the Improvement of Their English Language Learning and Their Learning Challenges at the University of Jordan

This qualitative study addressed the English language learning needs and challenges expressed by a sample of 22 postgraduate students from diversified faculties in the University of Jordan. These students were required to take the Alternative National English course. They  wrote a self-report reflecting on their English language learning needs and challenges in the first semester, 2016. The majority of these students endorsed the high achievement attributed to the contribution of the above course. Among the challenges they encountered, according to them, encompassed the positive change they experienced in being familiar with new vocabularies, new grammatical rules and becoming more proficient in reading and writing skills. On the basis of these findings, the study recommended the incorporation and focusing on the gains students got from the course to be considered in the upcoming semesters. Also the students’ challenges in learning English should be taken into consideration. The various needs expressed by the participants should be fulfilled by teachers who teach graduate English courses. Keywords: English language learning, TOEFL, National English course, teaching Englis

Deixis in English Islamic Friday sermons: A pragma-discourse analysis

Although deixis has received increasingly academic attention in linguistic research, its use in sermons, particularly in the Islamic context, has been largely underexplored. Therefore, this paper examined deixis in Islamic Friday sermons from the perspective of pragmatics and discourse analysis. Drawing on Levinson’s Framework, it aimed at analyzing three main types of deixis (personal, temporal, and spatial), focusing on their forms, features, functions, and frequency. The data were a corpus of 70 sermons compiled by the researcher from various online websites. The study employed qualitative and quantitative methods to meet the purpose of the study. The findings revealed that these three deictic types were relatively common in the language of the respective corpus with the personal type being predominant, deictically pointing to different referents whose interpretation was sensitive to the context in which they occurred. As an affectively powerful tool in the corpus, the preachers utilized deixis to serve a wide variety of functions on the discourse and pragmatic levels. In the corpus, deictic expressions worked as a discourse strategy to persuade the listeners by drawing their attention and engaging them in the message of the sermon and to signal and organize the flow of information in the ongoing discourse. They also served to enhance togetherness, intimacy, and politeness between the preachers and their audience. This study is hoped to present a good basis for further linguistic investigation of deixis in other languages and religions to illuminate how deictics work in sermonic discourse.

Teachers Degree of Acceptance for the Parental Kindergarten Participation Program and its Impact on the Educational learning process

This study aimed at examining the effectiveness of parental participation program in a Jordanian sample, and to achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire consisting of 48 paragraphs distributed on four dimensions were built, adopted after its appropriate validity and reliability evidences, 120 members as the study sample were subjected to the study tool, distributed as follows: 90 volunteer (parents), and 30 kindergarten teacher, with a ratio of 28% of the study population. The study results confirmed the presence of positive attitudes towards the parental involvement program on the kindergarten teacher, and confirmed the presence of positive attitudes towards the daily kindergarten program in activating the parental involvement program and the contribution of volunteers, and confirmed the presence of positive attitudes towards the program on kindergarten children in activating the parental involvement program and the contribution of volunteers. According to the study results, the study established a set of recommendations for the attention necessity of the educational institutions to increase their interest in this age group through programs that will enhance the relationship between the kindergarten and the local community for its effectiveness in the development of the educational and learning processe

Impact of VO2max on mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various VO2 max rates on mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players. The experimental method consisted of two experiments: one for calculating the VO2 max in the laboratory and another for testing the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw. A total of 36 handball players who specialized in shooting the 7-meter throw participated in the current study. They were divided into three equal groups in terms of training age, VO2 max level and the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw at rest time. Their average age was 24.1±3.2 years, their height was 177±23 cm, and their weight was 72±4.3 kg. We used three Canon Eos 80D cameras, a Scout Cortex lactate device, and Kinovea 0.9.5 software for performance evaluation. The study's results revealed a statistically significant effect of multiple rates of VO2 max on some mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players, with a negative effect that increases when the rates of VO2 max become greater at the level of significance (α = 0.00). In light of the study's results, the researcher advised handball coaches to work on increasing their players' VO2 max levels or delaying their players' access to higher levels of VO2 max to avoid an increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and, as a result, a decrease in the players' abilities to perform the 7-meter throw skill. According to the results of this study, they should also consider the use of pauses and substitutions during matches to ensure that players do not reach levels of up to 65% of VO2 max

The impact of reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers

The aim of this study was to identify the correlation of the kinematic variables in the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among footballers before and after reaching the anaerobic threshold, and also to identify the impact of reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. We used the experimental approach using the divided goal to determine the accuracy extent of shooting the penalty kick in addition to Cunningham and Faulkner Anaerobic Treadmill Test. The study sample consisted of 12 football players from the Jordanian Professional Football League for the year 2021, who are specialized in performing penalty kicks in their clubs. Their average age was 25.1± 4.1 years, average weight 71±2.2 kg and average foot weight 10.9±1.6. The study used Canon Eos 80D cameras, lactate Scout Cortex device and Kinovea 0.8.15 software to analyze the performance. The data was processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Our study showed that there is a statistically significant relationship at α = 0.05 of the kinematic variables before and after the player reaches the anaerobic threshold with the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick. The results also revealed that there is a statistically significant negative impact at α = 0.05 for reaching the anaerobic threshold on some kinematic variables related to the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick among football players. In conclusion, the kinematic variables of the study and the accuracy of shooting the penalty kick were negatively affected by reaching the anaerobic threshold at a level that exceeds 4.2 mmol/L

Energy efficiency and melt ejection analyses of a dual-laser micromachining method

This thesis is concerned with the understanding of a melt removal method which is based on combining a short laser pulse with the primary continuous laser beam called in this thesis dual laser micromachining (DLM). In this method, the continuous laser beam melts the surface and subsequently the short laser pulse ejects the molten material. In previous studies, this method has demonstrated improvements in material removal rates, however, there is a considerable range of results both in efficiency and quality. The energy consumed to produce the melt pool is the major part of the required energy budget in DLM (the sum of the energy consumed in melting and ejection processes). This important melting part has been ignored in the previous DLM studies. Moreover, there is still uncertainty in the melt ejection mechanism. This thesis considers the energy efficiency and quality characteristics also provides insight into the mechanism of melt ejection to facilitate its incorporation into the existing studies.For the energy efficiency analysis, a contribution to the knowledge has been made through a combined analysis of theoretical and experimental result of the energy used in the DLM method. Theoretical calculations derived from a one-dimensional heating model has been performed for the melt pool size against the melting process parameters. The minimum energy required to remove the molten material was calculated from the surface energy at the liquid-solid interface that separates the liquid and creates new surfaces. It was found that the ejection energy can be considered to be negligible in comparison to the energy required to form the same mass of melt pool. Therefore, the energy model has focused on the melting process to optimise the DLM energy. The key finding was that the most efficient melting occurs at the maximum melt depth when the surface starts vaporises. The decrease in the energy required for the combined lasers is primarily due to the optimisation of the irradiation time in the melting process. At this most efficient melting process, the theoretical calculation has shown that there would be a reduction in total energy consumption of three times comparing DLM to practical conventional vaporisation found in the literature.The relative energy efficiency of the DLM method has been demonstrated experimentally and compared to findings published in the literature. Two lasers were used, a continuous wave fibre laser to create a molten pool while a nanosecond pulse Nd:YAG laser was used to eject the molten material by vaporising the molten pool surface to generate recoil pressure. The experimental melt depths of the melting laser only were compared with the theoretical calculations. It was found that the experimental melt data align with the theoretical calculation at low melting time values. However, after that, the experimental results depart significantly from the linear theoretical trend. The most efficient was found at experimental melting time 9 ms, however, it is less than the theoretical melting time of 15 ms. The DLM method created holes with 18-28 µm maximum depth from 20-31 µm maximum melt depths at melting times in the range of 9-60 ms at the same order. At optimised DLM method of 9 ms melting time, of the total energy, 95% of the energy was delivered in the melting process and 5% in the ejection. This key finding shows a good agreement between the experimental results with the theoretical calculation that predicted negligible energy required from ejection laser. The DLM result was compared to findings published in the literature. The results have shown that DLM method can increase material removal efficiency compared with the conventional processes by approximately 2 to 6 times. This comparison result confirms the theoretical reduction in total energy consumption of 3 times comparing DLM to vaporisation machining (ablation).For the quality analysis, this thesis presents an analysis of the geometry and metallurgical features via sectioning and imaging of the DLM holes. Analysis of the material quality shows that were found free from microcracks and with a small amount of redeposited material at the workpiece surface along the periphery of the created hole. Moreover, the micrographs show low porosity in the solidified molten material. Melt ejection mechanism results constitute a novel contribution in the field. It has been discovered that the material is ejected by the effect of the pressure pulse generated at the surface and travelled through the target material. This pulse is converted into a tension pulse at a certain position inside the melt pool as a result of mismatching from high to low impedance during travelling inside the material. Upon this tensile pulse, spallation can occur and eject the molten material that takes place when the tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the liquid material. The spallation of a laser-melted material by nanosecond laser pulse was studied experimentally and theoretically to find the magnitude and position of the tensile stress. DLM method was experimentally and theoretically demonstrated in different setup regimes. The key finding is that both the simulations and experiments showed the molten material is spalled by the tensile pulse close to the liquid-solid interface leaving behind a residual molten material along the bottom of the hole.</div

BACTERIAL PATHOGEN IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTEERN IN ZARAQA -JORDAN

This study aimed to isolate the pathogenic agents involving Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) in Zarqa city and to evaluate their antibiotic resistance pattern. Bacterial isolation and identificaction was conducted using standard methods. From 3756 urine sample collected from patients with UTI symptoms 392 (10.4 %) show positive urine cultures of which 318 (81 %) were females and 74 (19 %) were males. Among the isolated pathogen E. coli was the most frequent bacteria (80.8%) folloewd by Klebsiella spp. (11.7%), while Staphylococcus aureus was the least frequent bacteria (0.08%). All the isolated pathogens resist one or more antibiotic, E. coli and Klebsiella spp possessed high resitence to ampicillin (84.18 and 89.13%) respectively. One E. coil (0.32) isolate showed resistant against all tested antibiotics. Gram-negative bacteria were the major isolates in this study, and E. coli was the predominant isolated bacteria. The knowledge of antibiotic sensitivity pattern in this study will be helpful for the effective treatment of the UTI in this population

Joint Geo-Spatial Preference and Pairwise Ranking for Point-of-Interest Recommendation

Recommending users with preferred point-of-interests (POIs) has become an important task for location-based social networks, which facilitates users' urban exploration by helping them filter out unattractive locations. Although the influence of geographical neighborhood has been studied in the rating prediction task (i.e. regression), few work have exploited it to develop a ranking-oriented objective function to improve top-N item recommendations. To solve this task, we conduct a manual inspection on real-world datasets, and find that each individual's traits are likely to cluster around multiple centers. Hence, we propose a co-pairwise ranking model based on the assumption that users prefer to assign higher ranks to the POIs near previously rated ones. The proposed method can learn preference ordering from non-observed rating pairs, and thus can alleviate the sparsity problem of matrix factorization. Evaluation on two publicly available datasets shows that our method performs significantly better than state-of-the-art techniques for the top-N item recommendation task

False textual information detection, a deep learning approach

Many approaches exist for analysing fact checking for fake news identification, which is the focus of this thesis. Current approaches still perform badly on a large scale due to a lack of authority, or insufficient evidence, or in certain cases reliance on a single piece of evidence. To address the lack of evidence and the inability of models to generalise across domains, we propose a style-aware model for detecting false information and improving existing performance. We discovered that our model was effective at detecting false information when we evaluated its generalisation ability using news articles and Twitter corpora. We then propose to improve fact checking performance by incorporating warrants. We developed a highly efficient prediction model based on the results and demonstrated that incorporating is beneficial for fact checking. Due to a lack of external warrant data, we develop a novel model for generating warrants that aid in determining the credibility of a claim. The results indicate that when a pre-trained language model is combined with a multi-agent model, high-quality, diverse warrants are generated that contribute to task performance improvement. To resolve a biased opinion and making rational judgments, we propose a model that can generate multiple perspectives on the claim. Experiments confirm that our Perspectives Generation model allows for the generation of diverse perspectives with a higher degree of quality and diversity than any other baseline model. Additionally, we propose to improve the model's detection capability by generating an explainable alternative factual claim assisting the reader in identifying subtle issues that result in factual errors. The examination demonstrates that it does indeed increase the veracity of the claim. Finally, current research has focused on stance detection and fact checking separately, we propose a unified model that integrates both tasks. Classification results demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods