(6,6′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)diiodidomercury(II)

In the title complex, [HgI2(C12H12N2)], the HgII atom has a distorted tetra­hedral coordination formed by two N atoms of the 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two terminal I atoms [N—Hg—N = 70.1 (2) and I—Hg—I = 130.59 (3)°]. The crystal packing features π–π contacts between the pyridine rings of adjacent mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.773 (5) Å] and also between a pyridine ring of one mol­ecule and the five-membered chelate ring of an adjacent mol­ecule [centroid–centroid distance = 3.668 (4) Å]

The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Case Series of Iranian Family

How to Cite This Article: Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Nejad Biglari Hb, Jabbehdari S, Alizadeh M, Alizadeh Gh, Nejad Biglari Hm, Sanii S. The Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Case Series of Iranian Family. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2016; 10(1):61-64.AbstractObjectiveAdrenoleukodystrophy disorder is one of the x-linked genetic disorders caused by the myelin sheath breakdown in the brain. In this study, we present 4 yr experience on this disorder.Materials & MethodsThe patients diagnosed as adrenoleukodystrophy in the Neurology Department of Mofid Children’s Hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2010 to 2014 were enrolled into the study. The disorder was confirmed by neuroimaging and clinical findings along with genetic and neurometabolic assessment at Reference Laboratory in Germany. We assessed age, gender, past medical history, developmental status, clinical manifestations, and neuroimaging findings of populous family with adrenoleukodystrophy.ResultsAll of the patients were one populous family with high rate of consanguineous marriages. This disorder was confirmed by genetic assessment, VLCFA and brain MRI.c.253_254insC, p.R85Pfs112* was found in heterozygote state and the VLCFA assessment showed the typical pattern for adrenoleukodystrophy/ adrenomyeloneuropathy. This diagnosis was in agreement with the family history and the clinical history of the patient. Since there have been a number of cases in patient’s family in the past, so intensive follow-up on the family especially detection the female members of the family of childbearing age was recommended. The amount of C-26, C24/C22 and C26/C22 was elevated. All patients with the same genotype had wide ranges of clinical presentation.ConclusionEarly diagnose of this disease might help us for early intervention and prenatal diagnosis for the disease in next siblings

Staple Food Fortification with Folic Acid and Iron and Gastrointestinal Cancers:Critical Appraisal of Long-Term National Fortification

The co-occurrence of wheat flour fortification with folic acid and iron and gastrointestinal cancer incidences were critically assessed in the East Azerbaijan province in Northwest of Iran. In an ecological design, overall gastrointestinal cancer rate ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated as primary outcome before (2004-2006) and after (2007-2015) the introduction of fortification. No consistent changes were observed in esophageal and gastric cancer, but the rate ratios of colorectal cancer increased significantly after fortification in the 35-54 years age group (women: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.79-2.49; men: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.33-1.89) and the 55-74 years age group (women 1.50, 95% CI: 1.27-1.76; men: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.13-2.95). The increased incidence of colorectal cancer was contemporary with long-term fortification; further investigation is required to establish the associations

Brain on FIRES: Super Refractory Seizure in a 7 year Old Boy

How to Cite This Article: Tavasoli AR, Gharib B, Alizadeh H, Farshadmoghaddam H, Memarian S, Ashrafi MR, Sharifzade M. Brain on FIRES: Super refractory seizure in a 7 year old boy. Iran J Child Neurol. Autumn 2016; 10(4):80-85.AbstractWe present a 7 year old boy afflicted with super-refractory seizure that responded poorly to antiepileptic drugs and sustained a long course of hospitalization and complications of high doses of medications as well as longstanding stay in hospital. The differential diagnoses were, fever-induced refractory epileptic encephalopathy (FIRES), and infectious and autoimmune encephalitis.However, work-ups had not revealed any evidence of any specific diagnosis, so we assumed that he was afflicted by viral infectious encephalitis as he had, fever, vomiting, and prodromal symptoms of infectious (most probably viral) disease prior to onset of the seizure attacks. References1. William H. Theodore, Epilepsy and Viral Infections, Epilepsy Currents, Vol. 14, No. 1 Supplement 2014 pp. 35–422. Rima Nabbout, AnnamariaVezzani, Olivier Dulac, Catherine Chiron. Acute encephalopathy with inflammation-mediated status epilepticus. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 99–108.3. Uri Kramer, Ching-Shiang Chi, Kuang-Lin Lin, Nicola Specchio, Mustafa Sahin, Heather Olson, Rima Nabbout, Gerhard Kluger, Jainn-Jim Lin, Andreas van Baalen. Febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): Pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome, A multicenter study on 77 children. Epilepsia ; 201152(11):1956–1965.4. Yael Hacohen, Sukhvir Wright, Patrick Waters, Shakti Agrawal, Lucinda Carr, Helen Cross et al. Paediatric autoimmune encephalopathies: clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcomes in patients with or without antibodies to known central nervous system autoantigens. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012;0:1–8.5. Pedro J, Serrano-Castro, Pablo Quiroga-Subirana, Manuel Payan-Ortiz, Javier Fernandez-Perez. The expanding spectrum of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Seizure 22 (2013), 153-155.6. R Kneen BD, Michael E, Menson B, Mehta A, Easton C, Hemingway PE, Klapper A, Vincent M, Lim E, Carrol T. Solomon, On behalf of the National Encephalitis Guidelines Development and Stakeholder Groups. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children e Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy Immunology and Infection Group National Guidelines. J Infect 2012; 64, 449-477.7. Raoul Sutter, Stephan Rüegg. Refractory Status Epilepticus: Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects and Management of a Persistent Epileptic Storm. Epileptologie 2012; 29: 186 – 193.8. Simon Shorvon. Super-refractory status epilepticus: An approach to therapy in this difficult clinical situation. Epilepsia, 52(Suppl. 8):53–56, 2011.9. Mustafa AM, Salih Heba Y, El Khashab Hamdy H, Hassan Amal Y. Kentab, Sara S. Al Subaei, Radwan M. Zeidan, Mohammed N. Al-Nasser, Saleh A. Othman. A Study on Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in 18 Children, Including 3 Relapses. Open Pediatr Med J 2009, 3, 48-57.10. Thais Armangue, Josep O. Dalmau. Autoimmune Encephalitis. In: Robert M. Kliegman, Bonita F. Stanton, Joseph W. St. Geme III, Nina F. Schor, Richard E. Behrman, et al, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20th Edition. Philadelphia, United States of America: Saunders; 2016: p. 2905-2910

Kidney disease improving global outcome for predicting acute kidney injury in traumatic brain injury patients

AbstractAimTo determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and to study AKI in relation to risk factors and outcomes.MethodThis trial was a descriptive analytic study on 83 patients with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to Poursina Hospital (Rasht, Iran). The incidence of AKI was determined based on KDIGO criteria over a 12-month period. The correlation of mortality rates, multi-organ failure (MOF), and neurologic outcome to AKI were studied.ResultsOf 83 eligible patients who entered the study, 25.3% (N=21) developed AKI based on KDIGO criteria. Glasgow Outcome Scale on admission was the only risk factor significantly associated with the incidence of AKI (p=0.001). Mortality rates (62% vs. 22.6%, p=0.002) and the occurrence of MOF were significantly higher in patients who developed AKI (23.8% vs. 0% MOF based on Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, p<0.0001; 19% vs. 0% MOF based on Multiple Organ Dysfunction score, p<0.0001). Poor neurologic outcome was observed in 95% and 92% of patients with and without AKI, respectively (p=0.674).ConclusionThe incidence of AKI among patients with severe traumatic brain injury is striking. The association of Glasgow Outcome Scale with AKI helps to identify patients at a higher risk of developing AKI. Significant rates of mortality and MOF among patients with severe traumatic brain injury and AKI, necessitates consideration of renoprotective measures from the early days of hospital admission

Neuroprotective Effect of Coenzyme Q10 in Hippocampal Injury in Balb/c Mouse

Coenzyme Q10 is a promising agent for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroprotective effects of Coenzyme Q10 demonstrated in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson, Alzheimer and etc. Hippocampus is home of these diseases. We assayed Coenzyme Q10 effects on Hippocampal injury model and our hypothesis is that Coenzyme Q10 has Neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative diseases via hippocampus. For this purpose 24 Balb/c mouse took in 4 groups: Control (Without any treatment), Vehicle (Treated with sesame oil as Coenzyme Q10 vehicle), Hyppocampal injury model (Treated with Trimethyltin chlorideneurotoxin, 2.5 mg per kg IP), and test (Treated with Coenzyme Q10 after Trimethyltin chloride injection, 10 mg per kg IP for 2 weeks). After two weeks brain harvested and hippocampus tissue assayed by Nissl and Tunnel staining. Hystological study showed significantly increase of normal cells and decrease of apoptotic cells in test group after Coenzyme Q10 treatment in hippocampus. This study showed Coenzyme Q10 has protective effects in hippocampus after injury and it seems that Neuroprotective effects of Coenzyme Q10 in some neurodegenerative diseases com from that

Folic Acid Supplement Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women; A Case Control Study

Background: An ongoing controversy exists on the role of folic acid supplementation in colorectal cancer risk among epidemiological studies. Objective: To assess the association between maternal folic acid supplementation and colorectal cancer risk. Methods: A paired matched case control study of 405 subjects was performed, including women residing in 135 villages of East Azerbaijan, Iran. Per area, subjects were followed regularly in local healthcare centers, where health- and social-related information have been collected prospectively in face to face interviews by well-trained health workers. We extracted folic acid supplement intake, baseline characteristics, and confounders from healthcare records. The data for study participants were linked to national cancer registry repositories, from which we retrieved the data of 135 women diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 2005 to 2015. Two hundred seventy controls were individually matched with cases in terms of residing village, age, and gender. We applied multivariate conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Findings: There was no significant association between folic acid supplementation and colorectal cancer risk in those with history of folic acid intake compared to those with no history of intake (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.53), in those with less than five years of folic acid (0.79; 0.45 to 1.39) or in those with ≥5 years intake (1.09; 0.52 to 2.26). This risk did not change after adjustment for covariates or further stratification. Conclusions: Maternal folic acid supplementation did not affect colorectal cancer risk in a population where supplemental folic acid is prescribed with regular intervals for women of child-bearing age

Developments in the Principle of the Right to Receive Medical Assistance in the Event of Disasters in the Light of International soft Law

تعداد معدودی از اسناد الزام­آور بین­المللی به مسئله حق بر دریافت امدادهای پزشکی در واکنش به بلایای طبیعی و انسانی وجود دارد. اما در سال­های اخیر اسناد حقوق نرم در این زمینه توسعه پیدا کرده­اند که از جمله آن­ها می­توانیم به پیش­نویس مواد مربوط به حفاظت از افراد در هنگام وقوع بلایا مصوب کمیسیون حقوق بین­ الملل، اصول راهنمای ملل متحد در مورد جا به جایی داخلی، کد رفتاری صلیب سرخ و هلال احمر و منشور بشردوستانه و حداقل استانداردها در واکنش به بلایا اشاره کنیم. علی­رغم این­که این اسناد دارای ویژگی الزام­آوری نیستند، اما می­توانند در ایجاد همگرایی و هماهنگی میان بازیگران بین­المللی جهت ارائه امدادهای پزشکی نقش مهمی را ایفا کنند. به بیان ساده­تر، این اسناد غیرالزام­آور در فرآیند شکل­گیری عرف­های بین­المللی به نقش­آفرینی می­پردازند. از طرفی، کمیسیون حقوق بین­الملل در پیش­نویس مواد مربوط به حفاظت از افراد در هنگام وقوع بلایا این نکته مهم را مدنظر قرار داده است که استانداردها و هنجارهای غیرالزام­آور برای توسعه چهارچوب حقوقی قابل قبول بین­المللی برای حفاظت از قربانیان بلایا ضروری است. با توجه به این اهمیت، در پژوهش حاضر برای درک بهتر اصول و استانداردهای مربوط به کمک­های بشردوستانه باید به بررسی مفاد این اسناد بپردازیم.There is a small number of binding international documents on the issue of the right to receive medical assistance in response to natural and man-made disasters. In recent years, however, soft law instruments have been developed in this area, including the draft articles on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster, adopted by the UNHCR, the UN Guidelines on Internal Displacement, and the Code of Conduct for the Red Cross. And mention the Red Crescent and the humanitarian charter and the minimum standards in response to disasters. Although these documents are not binding, they can play an important role in creating convergence and coordination among international actors to provide medical assistance. Simply put, these non-binding documents play a role in the process of shaping international customs. On the other hand, in drafting articles on the protection of persons in the event of a disaster, the International Law Commission has taken into account the importance of non-binding standards and norms to develop an internationally acceptable legal framework for the protection of victims of disasters. Given this importance, in the present study, in order to better understand the principles and standards related to humanitarian aid, we should examine the provisions of these documents. &nbsp; Please cite this article as: Alizadeh Y, Masoudinia M, Rostami S, Beyranvand F. Developments in the Principle of the Right to Receive Medical Assistance in the Event of Disasters in the Light of International Soft Law. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 85-103