The switch operators and push-the-button games: a sequential compound over rulesets

We study operators that combine combinatorial games. This field was initiated by Sprague-Grundy (1930s), Milnor (1950s) and Berlekamp-Conway-Guy (1970-80s) via the now classical disjunctive sum operator on (abstract) games. The new class consists in operators for rulesets, dubbed the switch-operators. The ordered pair of rulesets (R 1 , R 2) is compatible if, given any position in R 1 , there is a description of how to move in R 2. Given compatible (R 1 , R 2), we build the push-the-button game R 1 R 2 , where players start by playing according to the rules R 1 , but at some point during play, one of the players must switch the rules to R 2 , by pushing the button ". Thus, the game ends according to the terminal condition of ruleset R 2. We study the pairwise combinations of the classical rulesets Nim, Wythoff and Euclid. In addition, we prove that standard periodicity results for Subtraction games transfer to this setting, and we give partial results for a variation of Domineering, where R 1 is the game where the players put the domino tiles horizontally and R 2 the game where they play vertically (thus generalizing the octal game 0.07).Comment: Journal of Theoretical Computer Science (TCS), Elsevier, A Para{\^i}tr

Differences and similarities of postprandial lipemia in rodents and humans

The rat has been a mainstay of physiological and metabolic research, and more recently mice. This study aimed at characterizing the postprandial triglyceride profile of two members of the Muridae family: the Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) plus comparing them to the profile obtained in humans. Thirty-one male and twelve female Wistar rats, ten C57BL/6 male and nine female mice received a liquid meal containing fat (17%), protein (4%) and carbohydrates (4%), providing 2 g fat/Kg. Thirty-one men and twenty-nine women received a standardized liquid meal containing fat (25%), dextromaltose (55%), protein (14%), and vitamins and minerals (6%), and providing 40 g of fat per square meter of body surface. Serial blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after the ingestion in rats, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h in mice and in humans at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The triglyceride responses were evaluated after the oral fat loads. Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia were determined sequentially in blood sample. AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks were determined. Rats are prone to respond in a pro-atherogenic manner. The responses in mice were closer to the ones in healthy men. This study presents striking differences in postprandial triglycerides patterns between rats and mice not correlated to baseline triglycerides, the animal baseline body weight or fat load in all animal groups.101CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPNão temNão te

Lipemia postrandial in the alterations of the activities in the cholesterol ester transfer protein or hepatic lipase in human and rodents

Orientador: Eliana Cotta de FariaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: A resposta pós-prandial a uma sobrecarga de gordura apresenta efeitos pró-aterogênicos diretos por deposição de lipoproteínas remanescentes na parede arterial e, indiretos sobre o metabolismo de lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides. Alterações durante a lipemia pósprandial podem estar relacionadas com as atividades das proteínas de transferência de ésteres de colesterol e da lipase hepática. Estas duas proteínas possuem papel ambíguo no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose e sua atuação sobre o metabolismo de lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides pós-prandiais é muito pouco descrita na literatura. Estudamos as repercussões metabólicas em mulheres assintomáticas (n=28) após uma refeição oral única, líquida e rica em gordura em indivíduos apresentando deficiência primária de CETP e LH com coletas de sangue seriadas até 8h. A seleção dos casos foi feita através da determinação de valores de corte para CETP e LH, iguais ou menores aos percentis 10 ou iguais ou maiores que os percentis 90 de uma população normolipidêmica (n=129). Os indivíduos que possuem atividade das proteínas entre os percentis 10 e 90 foram selecionados como controles. A mulher que apresenta deficiência múltipla (CETP -79% e LH -88%) possui aumento da lipemia pós-prandial que foi atenuada após um ano de tratamento de reposição hormonal com Tibolona. Analisando um grupo de 6 indivíduos com um aumento médio de 33% de CETP, obtivemos curvas dos lipides pós-prandiais similares aos controles, em contraste com os relatos de casos com lipemia aumentada e deficiência de CETP. Este modelo demonstra uma ausência de um efeito de CETP na lipoproteína rica durante seu aumento moderado, provavelmente devido a falta das mudanças no transporte reverso do colesterol e igualmente a ausência dos triglicérides de um efeito direto da proteína de transferência no metabolismo lipoproteínas ricas em triglicérides. O estudo pós-prandial que usa modelos de roedores foram também realizados; observamos após uma sobrecarga oral da gordura que camundongos de ambos os sexos e ratos fêmeas apresentam lipemia pós-prandial com características similares aos seres humanos normolipidêmicos. Uma distinta resposta foi observada nos ratos machos que são mais sensíveis à dieta apresentando lipemia tardia.Abstract: The postprandial response to a fat overload presents proatherogenic direct effects with remanescent lipoproteins deposition in arterial walls and indirect on the triglycerides-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Alterations during the postprandial lipemia are related with the activities of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and hepatic lipase. These two proteins possess ambiguous roles in the development of atherosclerosis and their performance on the triglycerides-rich lipoprotein metabolism is very scarcely described in the literature. We studied the metabolic repercussions in assimptomatics women (n=28) after a single liquid and rich in fat oral meal in individuals presenting primary deficiency of CETP and HL with serial collections of blood up to 8h. The selection of participants was made through cutoff values for CETP and HL either equal or lower or equal or higher than percentiles 10 and 90 of a normolipidemic population (n=129). The individuals that presented activities of proteins between percentiles 10 and 90 were selected as controls. In a a case-report here described a woman who presented multiple deficiencies (CETP= -79% and HL= -88%) had increased postprandial lipemia that was attenuated one year of hormonal treatment with Tibolona, a result not described yet in the literature. Analyzing a group of 6 individuals with an average CETP increase of 33%, we obtained postprandial lipids curves similar to controls, in a sharp contrast with the case report with increased lipemia and CETP deficiency. This model demonstrates an absence of a CETP effect on triglyceride rich lipoprotein during its moderate increase, probably due the lack of changes in the reverse cholesterol transport and also the absence of a direct effect of the transfer protein on triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. As well postprandial studies using rodent models were performed; we observed after an oral overload of fat that mice of both the sexes and female rats present postprandial lipemia with characteristics similar to normolipidemic humans. A distinguished response was observed in male rats that are more sensible to the diet with the presence of the delayed and late lipemia.MestradoCiencias BiomedicasMestre em Ciências Médica

The switch operators and push-the-button games: a sequential compound over rulesets

International audienceWe study operators that combine combinatorial games. This field was initiated by Sprague-Grundy (1930s), Milnor (1950s) and Berlekamp-Conway-Guy (1970-80s) via the now classical disjunctive sum operator on (abstract) games. The new class consists in operators for rulesets, dubbed the switch-operators. The ordered pair of rulesets (R 1 , R 2) is compatible if, given any position in R 1 , there is a description of how to move in R 2. Given compatible (R 1 , R 2), we build the push-the-button game R 1 R 2 , where players start by playing according to the rules R 1 , but at some point during play, one of the players must switch the rules to R 2 , by pushing the button ''. Thus, the game ends according to the terminal condition of ruleset R 2. We study the pairwise combinations of the classical rulesets Nim, Wythoff and Euclid. In addition, we prove that standard periodicity results for Subtraction games transfer to this setting, and we give partial results for a variation of Domineering, where R 1 is the game where the players put the domino tiles horizontally and R 2 the game where they play vertically (thus generalizing the octal game 0.07)

A reduction of CETP activity, not an increase, is associated with modestly impaired postprandial lipemia and increased HDL-Cholesterol in adult asymptomatic women

Abstract Background The relationship between CETP and postprandial hyperlipemia is still unclear. We verified the effects of varying activities of plasma CETP on postprandial lipemia and precocious atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adult women. Methods Twenty-eight women, selected from a healthy population sample (n = 148) were classified according to three CETP levels, all statistically different: CETP deficiency (CETPd ��� 4.5%, n = 8), high activity (CETPi ≥ 23.8, n = 6) and controls (CTL, CETP ≥ 4.6% and ≤ 23.7%, n = 14). After a 12 h fast they underwent an oral fat tolerance test (40 g of fat/m2 of body surface area) for 8 hours. TG, TG-rich-lipoproteins (TRL), cholesterol and TRL-TG measurements (AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks) and comparisons were performed on all time points. Lipases and phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP) were determined. Correlation between carotid atherosclerosis (c-IMT) and postprandial parameters was determined. CETP TaqIB and I405V and ApoE-ε3/ε2/ε4 polymorphisms were examined. To elucidate the regulation of increased lipemia in CETPd a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results In the CETPi and CTL groups, CETP activity was respectively 9 and 5.3 higher compared to the CETPd group. Concentrations of all HDL fractions and ApoA-I were higher in the CETPd group and clearance was delayed, as demonstrated by modified lipemia parameters (AUC, AUIC, RR, AR and late peaks and meal response patterns). LPL or HL deficiencies were not observed. No genetic determinants of CETP deficiency or of postprandial lipemia were found. Correlations with c-IMT in the CETPd group indicated postprandial pro-atherogenic associations. In CETPd the regression multivariate analysis (model A) showed that CETP was largely and negatively predicted by VLDL-C lipemia (R2 = 92%) and much less by TG, LDL-C, ApoAI, phospholipids and non-HDL-C. CETP (model B) influenced mainly the increment in ApoB-100 containing lipoproteins (R2 = 85% negatively) and phospholipids (R2 = 13%), at the 6thh point. Conclusion The moderate CETP deficiency phenotype included a paradoxically high HDL-C and its sub fractions (as earlier described), positive associations with c-IMT, a postprandial VLDL-C increment predicting negatively CETP activity and CETP activity regulating inversely the increment in ApoB100-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesize that the enrichment of TG content in triglyceride-rich ApoB-containing lipoproteins and in TG rich remnants increases lipoproteins' competition to active lipolysis sites,reducing their catabolism and resulting on postprandial lipemia with atherogenic consequences.</p

The role of clotting factor IX in the development of atherosclerosis

Sem informação157798

Differences and similarities of postprandial lipemia in rodents and humans

Background: The rat has been a mainstay of physiological and metabolic research, and more recently mice. This study aimed at characterizing the postprandial triglyceride profile of two members of the Muridae family: the Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) plus comparing them to the profile obtained in humans. Methods: Thirty-one male and twelve female Wistar rats, ten C57BL/6 male and nine female mice received a liquid meal containing fat (17%), protein (4%) and carbohydrates (4%), providing 2 g fat/Kg. Thirty-one men and twenty-nine women received a standardized liquid meal containing fat (25%), dextromaltose (55%), protein (14%), and vitamins and minerals (6%), and providing 40 g of fat per square meter of body surface. Serial blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after the ingestion in rats, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h in mice and in humans at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results/Discussion: The triglyceride responses were evaluated after the oral fat loads. Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia were determined sequentially in blood sample. AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks were determined. Conclusions: Rats are prone to respond in a pro-atherogenic manner. The responses in mice were closer to the ones in healthy men. This study presents striking differences in postprandial triglycerides patterns between rats and mice not correlated to baseline triglycerides, the animal baseline body weight or fat load in all animal groups.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Differences and similarities of postprandial lipemia in rodents and humans

Abstract Background The rat has been a mainstay of physiological and metabolic research, and more recently mice. This study aimed at characterizing the postprandial triglyceride profile of two members of the Muridae family: the Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) and C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus) plus comparing them to the profile obtained in humans. Methods Thirty-one male and twelve female Wistar rats, ten C57BL/6 male and nine female mice received a liquid meal containing fat (17%), protein (4%) and carbohydrates (4%), providing 2 g fat/Kg. Thirty-one men and twenty-nine women received a standardized liquid meal containing fat (25%), dextromaltose (55%), protein (14%), and vitamins and minerals (6%), and providing 40 g of fat per square meter of body surface. Serial blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h after the ingestion in rats, at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h in mice and in humans at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results/Discussion The triglyceride responses were evaluated after the oral fat loads. Fasting and postprandial triglyceridemia were determined sequentially in blood sample. AUC, AUIC, AR, RR and late peaks were determined. Conclusions Rats are prone to respond in a pro-atherogenic manner. The responses in mice were closer to the ones in healthy men. This study presents striking differences in postprandial triglycerides patterns between rats and mice not correlated to baseline triglycerides, the animal baseline body weight or fat load in all animal groups.</p