Evaluation of the circulating endothelial cell in deep venous thrombosis : patients and animal model

Orientador: Joyce Maria Anichino-BaizzacchiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: As células endoteliais participam da hemostasia com efeitos pró e antitrombóticos, que podem ser estimulados por uma lesão endotelial. A presença de células endoteliais na circulação pode ser considerada um novo marcador de integridade vascular, como já descrito em várias patologias tais como: doenças cardiovasculares, doenças infecciosas, doenças imunes, transplantes, anemia falciforme. Os objetivos do nosso estudo foram: padronizar a identificação e quantificação das células endoteliais circulantes (CECs) e das células endoteliais progenitoras (CEPs) em um grupo de pacientes com trombose venosa profunda (TVP) ao diagnóstico (aguda, 1ª coleta) e após no mínimo 6 meses (2ª coleta), em um grupo de TVP crônica e em um grupo controle; padronizar um modelo animal de TVP induzida por lesão endotelial para avaliar as CECs e CEPs no sangue periférico e no trombo venoso. O grupo de TVP aguda foi composto por 9 pacientes [F: 7; M: 2; 45 anos (26 - 54 anos)], sendo recrutados 6 indivíduos para uma 2ª coleta [F: 5; M: 1; 47,5 anos (27 - 55 anos)], no grupo de TVP crônica foram incluídos 10 pacientes [F: 6; M: 4; 44,5 anos (28 - 56 anos)] e no grupo controle 11 voluntários [F: 9; M: 2; 29 anos (21 - 52 anos)]. A identificação das CECs e CEPs no sangue periférico foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. No modelo animal, a TVP foi induzida por lesão endotelial com uma solução de FeCl3 a 15%. Após a indução da TVP as CECs e CEPs foram avaliadas no sangue periférico nos tempos: 15 minutos, 30 minutos, 45 minutos, 1 hora, 24 horas, 48 horas e 72 horas. O trombo venoso formado na veia cava inferior (VCI) foi avaliado pela coloração de Verhoff van Gienson e a presença de CECs e CEPs por imunofluorescência. Houve uma diferença estatística no número das CECs (P=0.001, CD31+CD144+CD45dimCD133-; P<0.001, CD31+CD146+CD45dimCD133-; P=0.002, CD31+VEGFR2+CD45dimCD133-) entre os grupos estudados, com um aumento importante nos pacientes com TVP aguda. Os grupos de TVP crônica e TVP 2ª coleta mostraram um aumento significativo de CECs em relação aos controles. Não houve diferença estatística no número das CEPs (CD34+VEGFR2+CD45dimCD133-) entre os grupos estudados, porém observou-se um aumento no grupo de TVP aguda. No modelo animal, a oclusão total da VCI foi verificada entre 15 minutos e 1 hora. Após 24 horas ocorreu uma diminuição progressiva da área do trombo formado [85,4% (24h); 65,4% (48h); 51,3% (72h)], e não foram observadas CECs e CEPs no mesmo. No sangue periférico, no tempo de 48 horas houve um aumento importante de CECs e CEPs quando comparado com os outros tempos estudados (P=0.001, Sca1-VEGFR2+CD45dim; P=0.004, CD34-VEGFR2+CD45dim; P<0.001,Sca1+VEGFR2+CD45dim; P<0.001, CD34+VEGFR2+CD45dim). Os resultados observados em camundongos e humanos sugerem que as CEPs podem ser recrutadas da medula óssea para a circulação, participando do processo de reparo endotelial. O aumento de CECs na fase em que se inicia o processo de recanalização no modelo animal, sugere que apesar da lesão endotelial inicial, as mesmas somente são liberadas quando o fluxo começa a ser restabelecido. Neste estudo concluímos que as CECs podem constituir um marcador de dano vascular.Abstract: Endothelial cells participate in hemostasia and have pro and anti -thrombotic effects which can be stimulated by an endothelial lesion. The presence of endothelial cells in circulation can be considered a novel marker of vascular integrity, as described in several pathologies, such as: cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, immune diseases, transplants, and sickle cell anemia. The aims of our study were to: standardize the identification and quantification of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and progenitor endothelial cells (EPCs) in a group of patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) at diagnosis (acute, 1st collection) and after a minimum of six months (2nd collection), in a group with chronic DVT and in a control group; standardize an animal model with DVT induced by endothelial lesion in order to evaluate CECs and EPCs in peripheral blood and in venous thrombosis. The group of DVT was composed of 9 patients [F: 7; M: 2; 45 years old (y.o.) (26 - 54 y.o.)], of which six individuals were recruited for the 2nd collection [F: 5; M: 1; 47.5 y.o. (27 - 55 y.o.)]; in the chronic DVT group 10 patients were included [F: 6; M: 4; 44.5 y.o. (28 - 56 y.o.)]; and in the control group 11 volunteers were included [F: 9; M: 2; 29 y.o. (21 - 52 y.o.)]. The identification of CECs and EPCs in peripheral blood was carried out by flow cytometry. DVT was induced in the animal model by endothelial lesion using a FeCl3 solution at 15%. After DVT induction, CECs and EPCs were evaluated in peripheral blood at: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The venous thrombus formed in the inferior cava vein (ICV) was evaluated using Verhoff van Gienson stain and the presence of CECs and EPCs was evaluated using immunofluorescence. There was a statistical difference in the number of CECs (P=0.001, CD31+CD144+CD45dimCD133-; P<0.001, CD31+CD146+CD45dimCD133-; P=0.002, CD31+VEGFR2+CD45dimCD133-) between the groups studied, with a significant increase in acute DVT patients. The chronic DVT and 2nd collection DVT groups demonstrated a significant increase in CECs in relation to the controls. There was no statistical difference in the number of EPCs (CD34+VEGFR2+CD45dimCD133-) among the groups studied, however an increase in the acute DVT group was observed. In the animal model, total ICV occlusion was observed between 15 minutes and 1 hour. After 24 hours a progressive decrease in the area of the formed thrombus occurred [85.4% (24h); 65.4% (48h); 51.3% (72h)], and no CECs or CEPs were observed. After 48hours, there was a significant increase in CECs and EPCs in peripheral blood when compared to other periods studied (P=0.001, Sca1-VEGFR2+ CD45dim; P=0.004, CD34-VEGFR2+CD45dim; P<0.001, Sca1+VEGFR2+CD45dim; P<0.001, CD34+VEGFR2+CD45dim). The results observed in mice and human beings suggest that EPCs can be recruited to circulation from the bone marrow, participating in a process of endothelial repair. The increase of CECs during the phase when the re-channeling process begins in the animal model, suggests that despite the initial endothelial lesion, CECs are liberated when the flow is reestablished. In the present study we concluded that CECs can represent a vascular damage marker.DoutoradoMedicina ExperimentalDoutor em Ciência

Comparison of epidemiological profile of leprosy from 2010 to 2020 in the city of Alfenas, state of Minas Gerais, with Brazil

Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a mycobacterium that affects skin cells and peripheral nerves and, when not treated properly, can cause skin lesions with loss of local sensitivity. Its study is still of great importance, as it is a stigmatizing disease, with impacts on public health in emerging countries such as Brazil, and prevalent cities such as the Alfenas city in Minas Gerais. Objective: To compare the epidemiological profile of patients affected by leprosy from 2010 to 2020 in Alfenas city, state of Minas Gerais, with Brazil. Method: This is a transversal and descriptive study with collected data for the period of 2010 to 2020 available in the DATASUS system. Result: The observed profile was characterized by men, aged over 15 years, incomplete Elementary School I and multibacillary type of the disease, however there was divergence in relation to the race/color of individuals affected by leprosy comparing the national scope with the municipal scope of Alfenas. This difference in data is due to the socioeconomic development process in the city of Alfenas since its population composition is similar to that of west Paulista by virtue of the coffee labor in the colonial period. The statistical analysis indicated a varied prevalence coefficients for Brazil and Alfenas, and a dependence between both variables, although relatively weak. Conclusion: With the high prevalence of leprosy cases and its consequences, such as skin lesions, it is of great importance to understand this disease, as well as its epidemiological patterns

Association of polymorphisms in (alpha) and (beta) estrogen receptor genes in patients with deep venous thrombosis

Orientador: Nelci Fenalti Hoehr, Joyce M. Anichino-BaizzacchiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: o estrógeno atua na hemostasia promovendo efeitos pró e antitrombóticos, sua ação ocorre através de sua ligação a receptores nucleares específicos, denominados receptores 'alfa' e 'beta' do estrógeno (RE). A presença de polimorfismos nos genes que codificam o RE poderia modular a resposta do estrógeno, assim como a transcrição de genes e conseqüentemente a expressão. Existem fatores de risco adquiridos para a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) que estão associados a alterações do nível de estrógeno como: gravidez, puerpério, uso de anticoncepcional oral (ACO) e a terapia de reposição hormonal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram de associar polimorfismos nos genes dos RE 'alfa' e 'beta' em controles e mulheres e homens com TVP e avaliar a influência deles na atividade da proteína C (PC), proteína S (PS), antitrombina e concentração de fibrinogênio. Nas mulheres sob o uso de ACO, o genótipo AA do polimorfismo G1730A e, nas mulheres grávidas, os genótipos AA e GA do polimorfismo G1082A, ambos no gene do RE-~, podem ter um efeito protetor para o risco de TVP. Porém, o genótipo GG do polimorfismo G1730A tem uma influência no aumento da atividade da PS nas mulheres do grupo controle total e nas mulheres sob o uso de ACO; e os genótipos AA e AG do polimorfismo A351G no gene do RE-'alfa' , e o genótipo GG do polimorfismo G1082A tem um efeito no aumento da concentração de fibrinogênio nas mulheres grávidas. Contudo, a mutação G20210A no gene da protrombina, o fator V de Leiden e os polimorfismos do RE- foram fatores preditores de trombose venosa. Apesar da miscigenação brasileira, a PC apresentou diminuída em mulheres AITo-descendente. Nossos resultados sugerem que polimorfismos no gene dos RE-'beta' têm uma influência maior no risco para TVP. A contribuição deste trabalho é de grande importância, pois nenhum estudo associou o risco de TVP com os polimorfismos dos RE-'beta'Abstract: Estrogen acts in haemostasis promoting pro and antithrombotic effects. Its action occurs through linking the specific nuclear receptors called 'alfa' and 'beta' estrogen receptor (ER). Polymorphisms in the genes that codify the ER a and ~could modulate estrogen response, as well as gene transcription and expression. There are acquired risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) that can alter the estrogen levels. These factors are oral contraceptives (OC), hormonal replacement therapy, pregnancy, and puerperium. The objectives of this study were to associate the polymorphisms in the genes of the a and ~ER in controls, women and rnen with DVT, and to evaluate the influence of these polyrnorphisms in protein C, protein S (PS), in antithrombin activity and fibrinogen concentration. Women under OC use with the AA genotype ofthe G1730A polyrnorphism, and pregnant women with the AA and GA genotypes of the G1082A polymorphism, both in the ER-~ gene, could have a protective effect for DVT risk. However, GG genotype of the G1730A polymorphisrn has an influence in the increase of the PS activity in women of the total control group and women under OC use; and the AA and AG genotypes of the A351G polymorphism in the ER-a gene, and the GG genotype of the G1O82A polymorphism have an effect in the increase of the fibrinogen leveI in pregnant women. However, the G20210A rnutation in the prothrombin gene, the Leiden V factor and the polymorphisms in the ER-'alfa' gene were predictor factors of venous thrombosis. Despite Brazilian miscegenation, PC activity was lower in Afro-descendent women. Our results suggest that the polymorphisrns in the ER-'beta' gene have a higher influence for DVT risk. The contribution of this study is of great importance, as no study has associated DVT risk with the ER polymorphisms yetMestradoPatologia ClinicaMestre em Ciências Médica

Cd144, Cd146 And Vegfr-2 Properly Identify Circulating Endothelial Cell.

Studies evaluating circulating endothelial cells by flow cytometry are faced by a lack of consensus about the best combination of monoclonal antibodies to be used. The rarity of these cells in peripheral blood, which represent 0.01% of mononuclear cells, drastically increases this challenge. The aim of this study is to suggest some combinations of markers that would safely and properly identify these cells. Flow cytometry analysis of circulating endothelial cells was performed applying three different panels composed of different combinations of the CD144, CD146, CD31, CD133, CD45 and anti-Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibodies. In spite of the rarity of the events, they were detectable and presented similar inter-person numbers of circulating endothelial cells. The combination of markers successfully identified the circulating endothelial cells in healthy individuals, with the use of three different panels confirming the obtained data as reliable.3798-10

Folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine status in the post-folic acid fortification era in different subgroups of the brazilian population attended to at a public health care center

Folate and vitamin B12 are essential nutrients, whose deficiencies are considerable public health problems worldwide, affecting all age groups. Low levels of these vitamins have been associated with high concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) and can lead to health complications. Several genetic polymorphisms affect the metabolism of these vitamins. The aims of this study were to assess folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine status in distinct Brazilian individuals after the initiation of folic acid fortification by Brazilian authorities and to investigate the effects of RFC1 A80G, GCPII C1561T and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms on folate, vitamin B12 and Hcy levels in these populations. A total of 719 individuals including the elderly, children, as well as pregnant and lactating women were recruited from our health care center. Folate, vitamin B12 and Hcy levels were measured by conventional methods. Genotype analyses of RFC1 A80G, GCPII C1561T and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms were performed by PCR- RFLP. The overall prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies were 0.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Folate deficiency was observed only in the elderly (0.4%) and pregnant women (0.3%), whereas vitamin B12 deficiency was observed mainly in pregnant women (7.9%) and the elderly (4.2%). Plasma Hcy concentrations were significantly higher in the elderly (33.6%). Pregnant women carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype showed lower serum folate levels (p = 0.042) and higher Hcy levels (p = 0.003). RFC1 A80G and GCPII C1561T polymorphisms did not affect folate and Hcy levels in the study group. After a multivariate analysis, Hcy levels were predicted by variables such as folate, vitamin B12, gender, age and RFC1 A80G polymorphism, according to the groups studied. Our results suggest that folate deficiency is practically nonexistent in the post-folic acid fortification era in the subgroups evaluated. However, screening for vitamin B12 deficiency may be particularly relevant in our population, especially in the elderly14CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ402257/2005-

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially