Supplementation of carotenoids from peach palm waste (Bactris gasipaes) obtained with an ionic liquid mediated process displays kidney anti-inflammatory and antioxidant outcomes

Sustainable extraction processes based on alternative solvents to recover bioactive compounds of different raw materials have been highlighted as excellent alternatives to supply the needs of society towards a bioeconomy strategy. Little is known about the safety and biological effect of compounds extracted by these processes. In this work, carotenoids from Bactris gasipaes wastes obtained by an IL-based process were investigated in terms of safety, anti-inflammatory and, antioxidant activity in a high-fat-diet animal model on the kidney. Wistar rats were supplemented or not by carotenoids extracted with IL or VOS. The animals supplemented with carotenoids had lower weight than control and high-fat diets. In the animals supplemented with carotenoids, the group IL improved anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity compared with carotenoids obtained by VOS. Also, the group HFD-VOS showed moderate-severe injuries on the kidney. Then, ILs could represent a novel tool for natural pigments safely applied to food industry.publishe

Anthocyanins ameliorate obesity-associated metainflammation: preclinical and clinical evidence

The growing rates of obesity worldwide call for intervention strategies to help control the pathophysiological consequences of weight gain. The use of natural foods and bioactive compounds has been suggested as such a strategy because of their recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. For example, polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, are candidates for managing obesity and its related metabolic disorders. Obesity is well known for the presence of metainflammation, which has been labeled as an inflammatory activation that leads to a variety of metabolic disorders, usually related to increased oxidative stress. Considering this, anthocyanins may be promising natural compounds able to modulate several intracellular mechanisms, mitigating oxidative stress and metainflammation. A wide variety of foods and extracts rich in anthocyanins have become the focus of research in the field of obesity. Here, we bring together the current knowledge regarding the use of anthocyanins as an intervention tested in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials to modulate metainflammation. Most recent research applies a wide variety of extracts and natural sources of anthocyanins, in diverse experimental models, which represents a limitation of the research field. However, the literature is sufficiently consistent to establish that the in-depth molecular analysis of gut microbiota, insulin signaling, TLR4-triggered inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways reveals their modulation by anthocyanins. These targets are interconnected at the cellular level and interact with one another, leading to obesity-associated metainflammation. Thus, the positive findings with anthocyanins observed in preclinical models might directly relate to the positive outcomes in clinical studies. In summary and based on the entirety of the relevant literature, anthocyanins can mitigate obesity-related perturbations in gut microbiota, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation and therefore may contribute as a therapeutic tool in people living with obesity.</p

Anti-inflammatory effects of oleic acid and the anthocyanin keracyanin alone and in combination: effects on monocyte and macrophage responses and the NF-kappa B pathway

The recruitment of monocytes and activation of macrophages is essential for homeostasis but is also related to the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The management of inflammation through dietary components has been widely investigated. Two renowned components that may influence inflammation are unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA; 18:1cis-9) and antioxidant compounds like anthocyanins. Molecular and metabolic effects of such bioactive compounds are usually investigated in isolation, whereas they may be present in combination in foods or in the diet. Considering this, we aimed to analyse the effects of OA and the anthocyanin keracyanin (AC) alone and in combination on toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes and macrophages. For this, THP-1-derived macrophages and monocytes were exposed to 3 treatments: OA, AC, or the combination (OAAC) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Inflammatory-related gene expression and protein concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-10 were assessed. Also, NFκBp65, IκBα and PPAR-γ protein expression were determined. OA, AC and OAAC decreased pNFκBp65, PPARγ, IκBα, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 and increased IL-10. MCP-1 protein expression was lower with OAAC than with either OA and AC alone. Compared to CTL, OAAC decreased mRNA for TLR4, IκKα, IκBα, NFκB1, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β more than OA or AC did alone. Also, IL-10 mRNA was increased by OAAC compared with CTL, OA and AC. In summary, OA and AC have anti-inflammatory effects individually but their combination (OAAC) exerts a greater effect

Green tea extract rich in epigallocatechin-3-gallate prevents fatty liver by ampk activation via lkb1 in mice fed a high-fat diet

Supplementation with epigallocatechin-3-gallate has been determined to aid in the prevention of obesity. Decaffeinated green tea extract appears to restore a normal hepatic metabolic profile and attenuate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced effects, thereby preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Mice were maintained on either a control diet (CD) or HFD for 16 weeks and supplemented with either water or green tea extract (50 mg/kg/day). The body mass increase, serum adiponectin level, and lipid profile were measured over the course of the treatment. Furthermore, the AMPK pathway protein expression in the liver was measured. From the fourth week, the weight gain in the CD + green tea extract (CE) group was lower than that in the CD + water (CW) group. From the eighth week, the weight gain in the HFD + water (HFW) group was found to be higher than that in the CW group. Moreover, the weight gain in the HFD + green tea extract (HFE) group was found to be lower than that in the HFW group. Carcass lipid content was found to be higher in the HFW group than that in the CW and HFE groups. Serum analysis showed reduced non-esterified fatty acid level in the CE and HFE groups as compared with their corresponding placebo groups. Increased adiponectin level was observed in the same groups. Increased VLDL-TG secretion was observed in the HFW group as compared with the CW and HFE groups. Increased protein expression of AdipoR2, SIRT1, pLKB1, and pAMPK was observed in the HFE group, which explained the reduced expression of ACC, FAS, SREBP-1, and ChREBP in this group. These results indicate that the effects of decaffeinated green tea extract may be related to the activation of AMPK via LKB1 in the liver of HFD-fed mice

Serum parameter assessed in different groups.

<p>Data are expressed in mean±s.e.m.</p><p>^*p<0.05 Control diet and EGCG (CE) group versus Control diet and Water (CW) group (n = 14).</p><p>^$p<0.05 High-fat and Water (HFW) group versus CW group (n = 13–14).</p><p>^#p<0.05 High-fat diet and EGCG (HFE) group versus HFW group (n = 13).</p><p>Serum parameter assessed in different groups.</p

Composition of experimental diet CD and HFD (AIN-93 modified) [38], growth (G) and maintenance (M).

<p>Composition of experimental diet CD and HFD (AIN-93 modified) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0141227#pone.0141227.ref038" target="_blank">38</a>], growth (G) and maintenance (M).</p

<i>In vivo</i> triacylglycerol production rate. After 16 week of treatment.

<p>After 16 week of treatment, Triton WR1339 (400 mg/kg BW) was administered intravenously to 4 hours fasted mice. Samples collected at time 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection. Plasma samples from each time point were used to determine plasma triacylglycerol levels over time (A). Triacylglycerol production (B) was estimated by calculated the AUC. Data are expressed in mean ± s.e.m.^*p<0.05 Control diet and EGCG (CE) group versus Control diet and Water (CW) group. ^$p<0.05 High-fat and Water (HFW) group versus CW group. ^#p<0.05 High-fat diet and EGCG (HFE) group versus HFW group. </p

Liver protein expression of nuclear transcription factors of lipids metabolism in different experimental groups.

<p>Western Blotting analysis of protein expression in the liver on different experimental groups of nuclear transcription factors involved in promotion of enzymes responsible for synthesis of fatty acids and <i>de novo</i> lipogenesis. (A) pSREBP-1c, (B) SREBP-1, (C) ChREBP. Image shows demonstrative bands of the analyzed proteins and respective housekeeping protein (β-tubulin) in liver. Data are expressed in mean ± s.e.m. ^*p<0.05 Control diet and EGCG (CE) group versus Control diet and Water (CW) group. ^#p<0.05 High-fat diet and EGCG (HFE) group versus HFW group. ^$p<0.05 HFW versus CW.</p

Liver protein expression in different experimental groups of LKB1 / AMPK pathway.

<p>Western blotting analysis of protein expression in the liver on different experimental groups of AMPK—LKB1 pathway (A) pLKB1, (B) LKB1, (C) pAMPKα, (D) AMPKα 1/2. Image shows demonstrative bands of the analyzed proteins and respective housekeeping protein (β-tubulin) in liver. Data are expressed in mean ± s.e.m. ^*p<0.05 Control diet and EGCG (CE) group versus Control diet and Water (CW) group. ^#p<0.05 High-fat diet and EGCG (HFE) group versus HFW group. ^$p<0.05 HFW versus CW.</p

Body composition: body mass gain; lean body mass; and subcutaneous fat accumulation.

<p>(A) body mass gain over the 16 weeks of treatment with HFD; (B) lean body mass; (C) subcutaneous fat accumulation obtained from the carcass of different experimental groups. Data are expressed in mean ± s.e.m. *p<0.05 Control diet and EGCG (CE) group versus Control diet and Water (CW) group. $p<0.05 High-fat and Water (HFW) group versus CW group. #p<0.05 High-fat diet and EGCG (HFE) group versus HFW group.</p