Independent sets of some graphs associated to commutative rings

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. A set $S\subseteq V$ is independent set of $G$, if no two vertices of $S$ are adjacent. The independence number $\alpha(G)$ is the size of a maximum independent set in the graph. %An independent set with cardinality Let $R$ be a commutative ring with nonzero identity and $I$ an ideal of $R$. The zero-divisor graph of $R$, denoted by $\Gamma(R)$, is an undirected graph whose vertices are the nonzero zero-divisors of $R$ and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy = 0$. Also the ideal-based zero-divisor graph of $R$, denoted by $\Gamma_I(R)$, is the graph which vertices are the set {x\in R\backslash I | xy\in I \quad for some \quad y\in R\backslash I\} and two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $xy \in I$. In this paper we study the independent sets and the independence number of $\Gamma(R)$ and $\Gamma_I(R)$.Comment: 27 pages. 22 figure

Lemon Juice as a Natural Catalyse for Synthesis of Shiff’s base: A Green Chemistry Approach

The advantages of the use of natural catalysts are eco-friendly, inexpensive, high yields, nonhazardous and short reaction times. The utilization of green chemistry techniques is the elimination of solvents during chemical processes or the replacement of hazardous solvents with environmentally friendly solvents. Green chemistry has used for the synthesis of Schiff bases. Synthesis of Schiff base is carried out the mixture of aldehyde (or ketone) and amine in organic medium with or without an acid catalyst. He presents study Uses Lemon juice as a natural and eco-friendly catalyst in the green chemistry investigated. The synthesized product was characterized by its physical properties, melting point, TLC and then subjected to the in vitro antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative strains of microbes

Computation of Gutman Index of Some Cactus Chains

Let G be a finite connected graph of order n. The Gutman index Gut(G) of G is defined as $\sum_{\{x,y\}\subseteq V(G)}deg(x)deg(y)d(x, y)$, where deg(x) is the degree of vertex x in G and d(x, y) is the distance between vertices x and y in G. A cactus graph is a connected graph in which no edge lies in more than one cycle. In this paper we compute the exact value of Gutman index of some cactus chains

Sex-Specific Effects of a Wartime-Like Radiation Exposure on Cognitive Function.

Evaluating the risk for central nervous system (CNS) effects after whole-body or partial-body irradiation presents challenges due in part to the varied exposure scenarios in the context of occupational, accidental or wartime releases. Risk estimations are further complicated by the fact that robust changes in brain function are unlikely to manifest until significantly late post exposure times. Collectively, the current data regarding CNS radiation risk are conflicting in humans and a survey of the animal model data shows that it is similarly inconsistent. Due to the sparseness of such data, the current study was conducted using male and female mice to evaluate the brain for the delayed effects of a 2 Gy whole-body exposure to c rays starting six months postirradiation. Behavioral testing indicated sex-specific differences in the induction of anxiety-like behaviors and in the ability to abolish fear memories. Molecular analyses showed alterations in post-synaptic protein levels that might affect synaptic plasticity and increased levels of global DNA methylation, suggesting a potential epigenetic mechanism that might contribute to radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. These data add to the understanding of the CNS response to whole-body irradiation and may lead to improved risk assessment and provide guidance in the development of effective radiation countermeasures to protect military personnel and civilians alike

Effects of copper reduction on angiogenesis-related factors in recurrent glioblastoma cases

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of copper reduction on angiogenesis-related factors in patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated by gamma knife radiosurgery. Materials and Methods: In the present block randomized, placebo-controlled trial, fifty eligible patients with a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme who were candidates for gamma knife radiosurgery were randomly assigned into two groups to receive daily either 1gr penicillamine and a low copper diet or placebo for three months. The intervention started on the same day as gamma knife radiosurgery. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and copper levels were measured at baseline and after the intervention. The serum copper level was used as the final index of compliance with the diet. In order to control probable side effects of intervention, laboratory tests were conducted at the beginning, middle and end of the study. Results: The patients had a mean age and Karnofsky Performance Scale of 43.7 years and 75 respectively. Mean serum copper levels were significantly reduced in intervention group. Mean survival time was 18.5 months in intervention group vs. 14.9 in placebo group. VEGF and IL-6 levels in the intervention group were also significantly reduced compared to the placebo group and TNF-α increased less. Conclusions: It seems that reducing the level of copper in the diet and dosing with penicillamine leads to decline of angiogenesis-related factors such as VEGF, IL-6 and TNF-α. Approaches targeting angiogenesis may improve survival and can be used as a future therapeutic strategy

The correlation between biofilm formation capability and antibiotic resistance pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are life-threatening, due to high intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of this microorganism. The integrons and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa have a significant role in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates with biofilm formation ability. This cross-sectional study from January 2017 to December 2017 was conducted on 78 isolates (58 clinical and 20 environmental) of P. aeruginosa recovered from the 547 samples (439 of clinical and 108 of environmental samples). The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic tests. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing. The prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 Integrons, rhlA, and lasB genes were determined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Biofilm formation was determined using the microtiter plate method. Data analyzed using Stata 14 software and Chi-Square test. The most prevalent resistance was observed against Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid (55). Generally, 56.4 of isolates were producers of strong biofilm in both environmental and clinical isolates. The prevalence of strong biofilm producers in clinical isolates was more than environmental. A significant correlation was observed between Int1, Int2, and rhlA genes with biofilm formation capability (P = 0.02). Regarding >50 of both environmental and clinical isolates were producers of strong biofilm and because the source of clinical isolates may be from the environment, the necessary hygiene measurements should be taken. No significant correlation was observed between lasB gene with biofilm formation capability. © 2019 Elsevier Inc

Intraoperative angiography should be standard in cerebral aneurysm surgery

Intraoperative angiography (IOA) has proven to be a safe and effective adjunct to surgical repair of cerebral aneurysms. Substantial practice variation exists regarding use of this modality in different centers, including use of IOA routinely, selectively, or rarely. In this editorial, we discuss our experience and review the existing literature to develop an argument for routine use of IOA during cerebral aneurysm surgery