RELEVANSI STANDAR KOMPETENSI TEKNIK PENGECORAN LOGAM DALAM MATA PELAJARAN PRODUKTIF DI SMK DENGAN STANDAR KOMPETENSI DI INDUSTRI PENGECORAN LOGAM DI KABUPATEN KLATEN

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat relevansi standar kompetensi dibidang pengecoran logam aluminium dan besi cor dalam mata pelajaran produktif di SMK dengan standar kompetensi yang dibutuhkan di industri pengecoran logam saat ini. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan metode penelitian survey. Waktu pelaksanaa penelitian dimulai bulan Oktober 2010 hingga Maret 2011 (6 bulan), yang dilaksanakan di SMK N 2 Klaten, SMK Batur Jaya 1 Klaten, CV Bonjor Jaya, CV Teknika Jaya dan Koperasi Batur Jaya Klaten. Obyek penelitian ini berupa standar kompetensi pengecoran logam yang diajarkan maupun yang dibutuhkan di masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Tahapan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi tahap persiapan, observasi, tahap perijinan, tahap pengumpulan data, tahap analisis data, dan terakhir tahap pembuatan laporan. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data adalah dengan menggunakan angket, dokumentasi dan wawancara tidak terstruktur , sedangkan analisa data menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kuantitatif persentase yang diterjemahkan dalam distribusi skor dan hasil akhir akan dikonversi sesuai kriteria penilaian yang telah ditentukan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: (1) kompetensi pengecoran logam di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan yang bersumber dari kurikulum SMK teknik pengecoran logam sudah diajarkan kepada siswa sebesar 84% untuk aspek hard skill dan 71% untuk aspek soft skill nya, (2) kompetensi pengecoran logam yang dibutuhkan industri sudah masuk dalam kurikulum untuk SMK teknik pengecoran logam sebesar 74 % untuk aspek hard skill dan 64 % untuk aspek soft skill, (3) kompetensi di SMK dalam aspek hard skill secara realistis memiliki tingkat relevansi sebesar 50 % untuk kriteria sangat relevan dan 50 % untuk kriteria relevan, serta untuk aspek soft skill memiliki tingkat relevansi sebesar 79 % untuk kriteria sangat relevan dan 21 % untuk kriteria relevan dengan kompetensi yang dibutuhkan industri di bidang pengecoran logam

Variable retort temperature optimization benefit in scheduling for retorts of different capacities in food canneries

In the majority of small- to medium-sized canneries, retorting is carried out in a battery of retorts as a batch process. For such canneries, the unloading and reloading operations for each retort are labor-intensive; therefore, a well-designed and well-managed plant should be utilized in order to optimize the whole sterilization process. In other words, it is necessary to develop a suitable mathematical model for the operation of the whole plant and to determine the optimal values of its decision variables. The result of such a model involves the quantities of each product to be loaded onto the retorts for each of the batches, and the optimal solution provides an optimum scheduling. On the other hand, it is well-known that variable retort temperature processing can be used for reducing the sterilization processing time required for sterilization using the traditional constant retort temperature processing. Therefore, the objective of this research consisted of utilizing a variable retort temperature processing in developing a mathematical model for scheduling at food canneries for the case of retorts of different capacities. The developed model was based on mixed-integer linear programming and simultaneous sterilization based on variable retort temperature processing. The adaptive random search algorithm coupled with penalty functions approach, and the finite difference method with cubic spline approximation are utilized in this study to obtain the simultaneous sterilization vectors to be processed under time-variable retort temperature. The proposed in this study methodology can be useful for small- and medium-sized food canneries, which work with many different products simultaneously

Thermal food processing computation software

The objective of this research consisted of developing the two following thermal food processing software: “F-CALC” is software developed to carry out thermal process calculations based on the well-known Ball's formula method, and “OPT-PROx” is software for thermal food processing optimization based on variable retort temperature processing and global optimization technique. Time-temperature data loaded from Excel-file is used by “F-CALC” software to evaluate the heat penetration parameters jh and fh, as well as to compute process lethality for given process time or vice versa. The possibility of computing the process time and lethality for broken heating curves is included. The diversity of thermal food processing optimization problems with different objectives and required constraints are solvable by “OPT-PROx” software. The adaptive random search algorithm coupled with penalty functions approach, and the finite difference method with cubic spline approximation are utilized by “OPT-PROx” for simulation and optimization thermal food processes. The possibility of estimating the thermal diffusivity coefficient based on the mean squared error function minimization is included. The “OPT-PROx” software was successfully tested on the real thermal food processing problems, namely in the case of total process time minimization with a constraint for average and surface retentions the “OPT-PROx” demonstrates significant advantage over the traditional constant temperature processes in terms of process time and final product quality. The developed user friendly dialogue and used numerical procedures make the “F-CALC” and “OPT-PROx” software extremely useful for food scientists (research and education) and engineers (real thermal food process evaluation and optimization)

A multi-criteria decision making approach for food engineering

The objective of this study was to propose a decision making approach and tools (software packages) to solve the multi-criteria decision making problems arising in the food engineering. The proposed decision making approach is based on a simultaneous utilization for a given set of Pareto-optimal solutions the two following decision making methods: 1) well-known Analytic Hierarchy Process method and 2) Tabular Method. The using of Tabular Method allows utilizing the AHP method in a straightforward manner, which avoids the information overload and makes the decision making process easier. The aggregating functions approach, adaptive random search algorithm coupled with penalty functions approach, and the finite difference method with cubic spline approximation were utilized in this study to compute the initial set of the Pareto-optimal solutions. The decision making software ―MPRIORITY‖ and ―T-CHOICE‖ based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Tabular Method methods, respectively, were utilized for choosing the best alternative among the obtained set of Pareto-optimal solutions. The proposed in this study approach and tools was successfully tested on the multi-objective optimization problem of the thermal processing of packaged food. The proposed decision making approach and tools are useful for food scientists (research and education) and engineers (real thermal food process evaluation and optimization)

Algorithm and software for modelling of food protein hydrolysis kinetic

The objective of this research was to propose two numerical approaches and based on these approaches user-friendly dialogue software for determining the kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of protein at different initial reaction parameters, which could be an initial substrate and enzyme concentrations, temperature and pH-value. The proposed approaches mainly are based on the utilization of adaptive random search technique, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and the following well-known exponential kinetic equation presented a relationship between reaction rate and enzymatic reaction parameters dh/dt = aexp(-bh), where coefficients a and b have different expressions according to different reaction mechanism. The first approach consists of using the adaptive random search technique for fitting the kinetic constants of enzymatic reactions to a set of given experimental or time course profiles (TCPs) in the form of degree of hydrolysis over reaction time. Use of this technique can give much greater confidence that if a global optimal solution had existed within the global domain then it would not have been missed by the search routine. The second approach uses ANNs for estimating the values of coefficients a and b of the exponential kinetic equation. In this case each of experimental TCPs is fitted to this equation by using adaptive random search technique. Optimal a and b values obtained for TCPs and initial enzymatic reaction parameters are used as an input data for the ANNs learning process. The user-friendly dialogue software “ANNEKs” (ANN Enzyme Kinetics) realized two mentioned above approaches is developed. Findings from the work reported in this study would suggest that the developed user-friendly interfaces and utilized numerical approaches make the “ANNEKs” software package useful for food scientists and engineers

Natural hazards and climate change are not drivers of disasters

Many nations face challenges in assessing, understanding, and responding to the time-dependent nature of disaster risk. Changes in the intensity of occurrences of extreme events coupled with changes in vulnerability and exposure alter the impacts of natural hazards on society in mostly negative ways. Here an interrelationship between natural hazard (NH), climate change (CC), vulnerability (V), exposure (E), and decisionmaking (DM) is considered. While NHs trigger disasters and CC is likely to intensify occurrences of disasters, V and E present major drivers of disasters. Informed DM on disaster risk reduction should be based on scientific evidence from NH and CC, knowledge of V and E, and relevant options for actions on preventive disaster measures as a part of preparedness and public awareness

Translating Indigeneity

This paper compares Columbus Day in the United States (US) and Kam̗m̗oolol (Gospel) Day in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Kam̗m̗oolol (Gospel) Day in the RMI celebrates the arrival of the western Missionaries. This paper also compares Indigenous People\u27s Day in the US and M̗anit (Culture) Day in the RMI. Where in the RMI, M̗anit (Culture) Day celebrates Marshallese customs and traditions

The Morphology of Neo-Assyrian Cities

Anthropolog