ROLE, RULES AND PLACE OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTENTIONAL TORT AND NEGLIGENCE TORT IN TORT LAW

Abstract. The issues of intentional torts and negligence torts and the distinction of their respective legal judgements are usually discussed under the general title of harmful action. The current essay has been devoted to the explanation of the idea that the correct place of the debate of the division of the way of causing harms into direct and indirect in the logic of civil liability is intentional tort and the normal strategy adopted by the legal experts will lead to major mistakes in judgement elicitation and illogicality of the theory of civil liability.Key words: Civil Liability, Intentional Tort and Negligence Tort, Rule of Intentional Tort, Harmful Action, Causation Relationship, Guarantee, Damage

In vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of crude ethyle alcohole extract of Quercus brantii L. acorn and subsequent fractions

Cancer cell resistance to widely used chemotherapeutic agents is gradually developed. Natural products, mainly isolated from medicinal plants, have been considered as valuable sources for herbal anticancer drugs. The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities of crude ethyle alcohole extract and four fractions of Q. brantii acorn. Crude ethyle alcohole extract of Q. brantii acorn was prepared and subjected to fractionation with different polarity. Subsequently, the extract and the fractions wereevaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity in two cancerous (Hela and AGS) and one normal (HDFs) cell lines using MTT 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2ol) 2, 5 diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay. To determine whether the cytotoxicity of these compounds involved the induction of apoptosis, Hela cells were treated with IC50 concentrations of test compounds, stained with both propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that the cell viability was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with crude ethyle alcohole extract and Cholophorm and n-Butanol fractions. Based on the probit regression model, antiproliferative activities of crude ethyle alcohole extract, Cholophorm fraction, and n-Butanol fraction on Hela and AGS cells and HDFs cells were significantly different (P < 0.001). The results of flow cytometric analysis showed that crude ethyle alcohole extract and two fractions of Q. brantii acorn induced early apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that crude ethyle alcohole extract and Cholophorm and n-Butanol fractions of Q. brantii acorn suppress the proliferation of cancer cells through induction of early apoptosis

Effect of silver nanoparticles for Coli forms disinfection in drinking water

Background and aims: Silver is the metal as a safe and effective antibacterial agent which can be raised more than 650 types of microorganisms such as bacteria and virus. Common indicator used to assess water quality and compliance with standards to determine the presence of total coli forms and fecal coli forms are bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nanosilver on inactivation the coli forms and fecal coli forms from drinking water. Methods: This bench-scale experimental study was carried out in a batch system on artificially contaminated water samples prepared by adding 10 ml effluent to 90 liters of distilled water. In each run, the nanosilver (30-180 μgL) was added to 6 containers of contaminated water and then a sample was taken every 20 minutes for a 100-minute period. The samples were tested by 15-tube series method based on the instruction no. 9221-B of 21th edition of standard method book on water and wastewater experiments (21st edition). Results: Results revealed that the coli forms and fecal coli forms inactivation significantly increased with increasing the contact time of nonosilver (P=0.001), but there was no significant correlation between the nanosilver concentrations and coli forms and fecal coli forms inactivation (P=0.13). The maximum coli forms and fecal coli forms inactivation (76.2, 65%) was achieved within 100 minutes contact time for 180 μgL of silver. Conclusion: Based on the current results, it can be concluded nanosilver treatment is effective in coli forms and fecal coli forms inactivation from contaminated water and advice as a new method for water disinfection

Towards Simulations of Self-propelled Janus Particles in a Critical Binary Mixture

Artificial microswimmers have recently received a lot of attention due to the large number of applications in the development of biomimetic materials, microfluidic devices, and micromachines. A promising strategy to build such synthetic swimmers is based on phoretic phenomena. Phoresis refers to a directed particle motion in the presence of an external gradient. Janus particles generate a stable local gradient by an asymmetric structure which results in a self-propelled phoretic motion. One of the interesting examples is a half-metal coated Janus particle in a critical binary mixture under laser irradiation. In the vicinity of the metallic cap, the temperature may be above the critical temperature and a droplet is formed at the Janus particle surface, such that propulsion is created. Although various theoretical studies have already investigated this system, simulations are still lacking. Providing a suitable simulation technique enables us to predict the behavior of more complicated cases which are not possible with theory e.g. a Janus particle in blood flow. Simulation of this system requires a technique which satisfies the three requisites at the same time: transport of mass and energy, phase separation and large size particles modeled during a large simulation time. A mesoscopic simulation technique that can achieve all these requirements is dissipative particle dynamics with energy conservation (DPDe). In this thesis, the DPDe technique is employed, and further developed to investigate this system. The starting point is the validation of the previously suggested DPDe. Although DPDe was designed to exactly conserve energy, significant drift of the total energy has been reported by using different algorithms. Here, an efficient integration scheme with velocity Verlet algorithm is used such that energy is conserved on the order of machine precision. Simulation results of mass and energy transport are verified by analytical approaches. Then, a partially heated Janus particle in a simple fluid is modeled as a thermophoretic particle. A pressure gradient, which is generated at the colloid poles as a consequence of temperature gradient, propels the particle. The direction of motion and its magnitude are determined mainly by the details of the interaction between fluid and colloid and, the Peclet number changes one order of magnitude. Interestingly, fluid properties such as viscosity,conductivity, etc. affect propulsive velocity but the related Peclet number does not change significantly. A proper method necessitates in order to model a binary mixture near the critical point which involves the wetting phenomenon in the presence of a solid surface (Janus particle). The conservative force used in the original DPD cannot fulfill this promise. Therefore, a short-range repulsive and long-range attractive interaction is employed for the conservative force which succeeds in matching the properties of real physical systems, such as correct phase behavior with respect to temperature, sufficiently large surface tension to form a stable droplet in a flow, and the inclusion of varying wetting properties. Using the improved DPDe method, a Janus particle immersed in a binary mixture is simulated, in which droplet size, wetting properties, and surface tension can be varied by the model parameters. The value of the resulting propulsive velocity is mainly determined by the size of the adhering droplet. In agreement with experiments, a colloid with a smaller droplet displays larger propulsion, and a Janus with a very large droplet shows eventually motion in the reverse direction, this is towards the hot cap. Although the number fraction of binary mixture and the magnitude of the temperature gradient are the main parameters to determine the droplet size, a smaller surface tension also results in a smaller droplet. Besides, the shape of the droplet is influenced by the contact angle and affects the propulsion strength

Joint Beamforming and User Association Design for Integrated HAPS-Terrestrial Networks

Located in the stratospheric layer of Earth's atmosphere, the high altitude platform station (HAPS) is a promising network infrastructure, which can bring significant advantages to sixth-generation (6G) and beyond wireless communications systems by forming vertical heterogeneous networks (vHetNets). However, if not dealt with properly, integrated networks suffer from several performance challenges compared to standalone networks. In harmonized integrated networks, where different tiers share the same frequency spectrum, interference is an important challenge to be addressed. This work focuses on an integrated HAPS-terrestrial network, serving users in an overlapped urban geographic area, and formulates a fairness optimization problem, aiming to maximize the minimum spectral efficiency (SE) of the network. Due to the highly nonconvex nature of the formulated problem, we develop a rapid converging iterative algorithm that designs the massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) beamforming weights and the user association scheme such that the propagated inter- and intra-tier interference is managed. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed algorithm's superiority over standalone terrestrial networks and scenario where only the beamforming weights are optimized.Comment: 8 pages singlecolumn, 5 figures, under review in IEEE Communications Letter

In vitro Anti-adenovirus activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract

Background and aims: Human adenoviruses can cause a diversity of clinical diseases, but there is no antiviral therapy formally approved by adenovirus infections. Thus, antiviral agents derived from medicinal plants which are effective against adenoviruses infections are urgently required. Therefore, this research was aimed to evaluate in vitro antiadenovirus activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract. Methods: In this research, crude ethanol extract of pomegranate peel was prepared. Anti-adenovirus activity of the extract was evaluated on Hela cell line using MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol–2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 50% Cytotoxicity Concentration (CC50) of the extract were determined using regression analysis. To determine antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and flavonoids content of the extract, the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay; Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method was used, respectively. Results: The CC50 and IC50 of the extract were 165±10.1 and 18.6±6.7µg/ml, respectively. The selectivity index (SI), the ratio of CC50 and IC50, was 8.89. The IC50 of DPPH radical was 7.7±1.21 μg/ml, compare with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with IC50 of 25.41±1.89 μg/ml. The total phenol and Flavonoid contents were 282.9 mgGAE/g and 136.6mg/g, respectively. This study revealed that the pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Conclusion: peel extract exhibited Anti-adenovirus activity, with SI value of 8.9, suggesting its potential use as Anti-adenovirus agents. Also this extract with high phytoconstituents could be a promising source of medicinally important natural compound

Safety evaluation of chloramine-T on ornamental zebra fish (Danio rerio) using LC50 calculation and organ pathology

The need of aquarists for proper and safe disinfection of fish with Chloramine-T (CL-T) necessitates toxico/pathologic examinations. This study assays toxicity level of CL-T and histopathologic changes of gills, liver, kidney and brain of treated zebrafish (Danio rerio). Groups of 10 Zebrafish were treated with 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 30, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L of CL-T. Mortality was recorded at every 6 hours until 96h after the beginning of the treatment and lethal concentration for 50% of population (LC50 at 24h and 96h) was calculated. The histopathologic samples were taken from dying fish during the exposure period. Histopathological changes were not evident in organs of the control group. In the gills of treatment groups, congestion, edema, separation of epithelium of secondary lamella from basal membrane, fusion and hypertrophy of secondary lamella, telangiectasis and necrosis of lamella epithelium were observed. In the liver of treatment groups degenerative changes and necrosis of hepatocytes were visible. The kidney samples represented hydropic degeneration, necrosis, dilation of periglomerular urinary space and hyaline droplets in renal tubules in high concentration. The brain of treatment groups showed spongiosis and increase in glial cells. Severity of these lesions was related to the concentration of CL-T. LC50 24h for CL-T was 428.649 mg/L and LC50 96h was 11.044 mg/L which reveals the low level of toxicity for few hours of treatment. The concentrations below 15mg/L are reasonably safe and recommended for usage in D. rerio treatment during 24h of bath

Anticancer Activity and Phenolic Compounds of Pistacia atlantica Extract

Recently a lot of studies have been conducted to identify natural compounds for prevention of the development and recurrence of cancers. The present study aimed to determine phytochemical content and anti proliferative activity of Pistacia atlantica extract. Ethanolic extract of Pistacia atlantica was prepared. The antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol content of the extract were evaluated. Cytotoxicity activity of extract on AGS and HeLa cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay 48 hours after treatment. The antioxidant activity of extract was 4.6 +/- 0.66 mu g/ml while it was 25.41 +/- 1.89 mu g/ml for butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total phenol, flavonoid and flavonol contents were 269 mg GAE/g, 40.7 mg RUT/g and 88.12 mg RUT/g, respectively. The extract inhibited the proliferation of AGS, HeLa and HDFs cells with IC50 values of 382.3 mu g/m, 332.3 mu g/ml and 896.3, respectively. This study revealed that the extract of Pistacia atlantica can suppress the proliferation of gastric carcinoma and cervical cancer cells. The plant with high phytoconstituents could be a promising source of anticancer drugs