COVID-19 Unmasked Global Collaboration Protocol: longitudinal cohort study examining mental health of young children and caregivers during the pandemic

Background: Early empirical data shows that school-aged children, adolescents and adults are experiencing elevated levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is very little research on mental health outcomes for young children. Objectives: To describe the formation of a global collaboration entitled, ‘COVID-19 Unmasked’. The collaborating researchers aim to (1) describe and compare the COVID-19 related experiences within and across countries; (2) examine mental health outcomes for young children (1 to 5 years) and caregivers over a 12-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) explore the trajectories/time course of psychological outcomes of the children and parents over this period and (4) identify the risk and protective factors for different mental health trajectories. Data will be combined from all participating countries into one large open access cross-cultural dataset to facilitate further international collaborations and joint publications. Methods: COVID-19 Unmasked is an online prospective longitudinal cohort study. An international steering committee was formed with the aim of starting a global collaboration. Currently, partnerships have been formed with 9 countries (Australia, Cyprus, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the UK, and the United States of America). Research partners have started to start data collection with caregivers of young children aged 1–5 years old at baseline, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months. Caregivers are invited to complete an online survey about COVID-19 related exposure and experiences, child’s wellbeing, their own mental health, and parenting. Data analysis: Primary study outcomes will be child mental health as assessed by scales from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System–Early Childhood (PROMIS-EC) and caregiver mental health as assessed by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). The trajectories/time course of mental health difficulties and the impact of risk and protective factors will be analysed using hierarchical linear models, accounting for nested effects (e.g. country) and repeated measures

Tetraspanin CD151 mediates communication between PC3 prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts

Invasion and migration of cancer cells are crucial for the formation of secondary lesions. These require activation of signalling cascades modulated by the number of regulatory molecules. One such molecule is CD151, a member of evolutionary conserved tetraspanin family. CD151 is involved in cell adhesion, motility and cancer progression due to formation of complexes with laminin-binding integrins and regulation of growth factor receptors function (e.g. HGFR, TGFβR, EGFR). Recent studies point to correlation between CD151 expression and high tumour grade in prostate cancer (PCa). Herein, we investigated a possible role of CD151 in communication between PC3 cancer cells and either cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) or osteoblasts, an interplay which is significant for metastasis. The analysis showed that although CAFs strongly enhanced both migration and invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells, the effect was not dependent on CD151. On the other hand, CD151 was found to promote 3D migration as well as invasive growth in response to osteoblasts-secreted growth factors. Obtained data revealed that knockdown of CD151 abolished activation of pro-migratory/pro-survival kinases (i.e FAK, Src, HSP27) triggered by osteoblasts, along with expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13. This suggests that CD151 participates in communication between PC3 cells and bone microenvironment and the process can be considered as a significant step of PCa progression and metastasis