The Only Way is Dickens: Representations of Cockney Speech and Cockney Characters in the Works of Charles Dickens

This thesis examines Dickens’s representation of cockney dialect and cockney speakers, as well as representations of upwardly mobile Londoners and their speech. It identifies the linguistic features that Dickens draws upon to construct his character speech and explores the attitudes conveyed through language choice. It investigates how Dickens’s representations were shaped by wider attitudes towards language, particularly towards non-standard speech, in Victorian society. It investigates Dickens’s role in popularising cockney dialect in nineteenth-century culture, going against the tide of language prescriptivism that had started in the late eighteenth century. This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining literary criticism of Dickens’s works with aspects of historical linguistics. It explores Dickens’s work both chronologically and thematically also taking into account adaptations and plagiarisms. The first three chapters focus on Dickens’s early works, firstly, his compiled work, Sketches by Boz (1833-1836), then the first two novels, The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837), followed by Oliver Twist (1837-1839), drawing on other novels in each chapter to make comparisons. The final chapter analyses a selection of his novels over his writing career, including Nicholas Nickleby (1838-39), David Copperfield (1849-1850), Bleak House (1852-1853) and Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865). This thesis argues that Dickens is influential in promoting certain ideas about cockney speech, but there are complexities in his depictions. </div

Petición de pago de ayuda de costa concedida al obispo Limiricense

Fecha del documento: 1586-05-20. 2 páginasPetición al Presidente del Consejo de Hacienda de que se pague al obispo Limiricense los 200 ducados de ayuda de costa que le ha concedido el rey por una vez, atento a que su necesidad es mucha.Proyecto Proyección Política y Social de la Comunidad Irlandesa en la Monarquía hispánica y en la América Colonial de la Edad Moderna(siglos XVI-XVIII) (HAR2009-11339 - subprograma HIST) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad en colaboración con el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Embajada de Irlanda en Madrid, National University of Ireland (NUI) Maynooth, University College Dublin y Trinity College DublinJuan de IdiáquezPresidente del Consejo de HaciendaNo200 ducadosNoN

Additional file 1: of Health status decline in Îą-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a feasible outcome for disease modifying therapies?

Table S1. Demographics of patients without COPD. Table S2. Demographics of patients with COPD. Tables S3. a-c FEV1 and Kco decline including annual change in absolute units. Table S4. SGRQ domains and total scores for non COPD cohort split by those with normal age related decline in Kco and those with rapid decline. Table S5. SGRQ deterioration for COPD cohort split by normal age related Kco decline and rapid Kco decline. (DOCX 35 kb

Bronkotest score during exacerbations in different seasons of the year.

Bronkotest score during exacerbations in different seasons of the year.</p

Patient characteristics.

BackgroundPulmonary exacerbations in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) related lung disease are a significant contributor to disease burden, as with usual COPD. Separating the early stages of an exacerbation from the day-to-day variation in stable COPD is central to the concerns of both clinicians and patients and has been identified as a research priority by NIHR. Clinical tools that distinguish baseline symptoms from those of an exacerbation could allow early and appropriate treatment of AECOPD to reduce the impact and potentially may slow disease progression thereby improving survival and quality of life. Candidate tools include symptom diaries and biomarkers of infection and acute inflammation. Urinary biomarkers of AECOPD have yet to be explored in AATD related COPD.Methods55 patients with AATD related lung disease with a history of 2 or more AECOPD in the preceding year were prospectively followed for 18 months. Each patient recorded symptom scores daily via an electronic symptom diary (eDiary) based on Bronkotest. Urinary biomarkers for AAT, NE, CRP, TIMP1 and desmosine were measured weekly using a home urinary lateral flow device. During self-reported AECOPD patients were asked to perform urine analysis on the first 7 consecutive days.ResultsType I Anthonisen exacerbations and episodes occurring in autumn/winter lasted longer than Type II/III exacerbations and spring/summer episodes respectively. Median urinary CRP concentration across all study participants increased during Type I AECOPD. eDiary adherence was 68% over a median of 17.8 months (IQR 15.7 to 18.5).ConclusionsUse of an eDiary and urinary biomarkers to detect and characterise AECOPD remotely in AATD related lung disease is feasible over a prolonged period and paves the way for precision detection of exacerbations.</div

This includes all supplementary methods, figures and tables for this manuscript.

This includes all supplementary methods, figures and tables for this manuscript.</p

Bronkotest score during exacerbations by Anthonisen type.

Unclassified exacerbations were treated episodes that did not meet Anthonisen criteria.</p

Comparison of Type I vs Type II/III Anthonisen defined exacerbations in patients with AATD related lung disease.

Comparison of Type I vs Type II/III Anthonisen defined exacerbations in patients with AATD related lung disease.</p

Bronkotest score during treated and untreated exacerbations.

Bronkotest score during treated and untreated exacerbations.</p

Urinary concentrations for A1AT, NE, TIMP1, CRP and desmosine over the time course of AECOPD for measured by home lateral flow cytometry.

Urinary concentrations for A1AT, NE, TIMP1, CRP and desmosine over the time course of AECOPD for measured by home lateral flow cytometry.</p