Actors and Actor Relations in Governance of Subsidized Fertilizer Policy in Indonesia

The study investigates actor relationships in subsidized fertilizer programs within Indonesian rice production hubs. It aims to comprehend roles and interactions among actors in budget allocation, fertilizer distribution, policy oversight, and farmer involvement. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, analyzing how institutional practices and hierarchies impact the subsidized fertilizer market. The study focuses on Indramayu and Karawang Regencies in West Java and Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) and Wajo Regencies in South Sulawesi, all significant rice production centers. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews involving central, regional, distributor, store actors, and farmers. Results reveal collaboration and competition as primary relationship modes in the subsidized fertilizer program. Cooperation exists among institutional players at the central level during budget deliberations, while relationships emerge when actors unite to advocate for budget adjustments or specific fertilizer types. Factors like discourse, institutional practices, and capitalist interests shape these inter- actions. Discourse might favor chemical or organic fertilizers. Farmers occupy a relatively marginalized position in actor conflicts, warranting increased policymaker attention. Although the government seeks improvements, farmers still face challenges such as inadequate doses, delays in distribution, and financial constraint

Impact of Working Capital Management Approaches (Aggressive/Conservative) on the Profitability and Shareholder’s Worth: Comparative Analysis of Cement and Sugar Industry

This study investigates that how sugar and cement companies listed at Karachi stock exchange manage the working capital approaches (aggressive/conservative) mix. Sample of 18 cement and 31 sugar companies used in this thesis. In this study impact of working capital approaches namely aggressive investment policy and aggressive financing policy is checked on the profitability and shareholder’s worth. All the companies selected from sugar and cement sector are listed at Karachi stock exchange and have active status. The time period for this study is from 2006 to 2012. Regression analysis is use to analyze the impact of working capital investment and financing policies. Regression analysis is supported by SPSS software. The result of this study indicate that if companies follow the aggressive investment and financing policies then they will not be able to yield more profit as both these policies yields negative effect on the profitability and shareholder’ worth. There is inverse relationship between degree of aggressiveness with profitability and shareholder’ worth. Keywords: Working capital efficiency, aggressive investment policy, working capital financing policy, firm’ profitability, shareholder’s worth, Cement industry, sugar industr

Impact of Working Capital Management Approaches (Aggressive/Conservative) on the Profitability and Shareholder’s Worth: Comparative Analysis of Cement and Sugar Industry

This study investigates that how sugar and cement companies listed at Karachi stock exchange manage the working capital approaches (aggressive/conservative) mix. Sample of 18 cement and 31 sugar companies used in this thesis. In this study impact of working capital approaches namely aggressive investment policy and aggressive financing policy is checked on the profitability and shareholder’s worth. All the companies selected from sugar and cement sector are listed at Karachi stock exchange and have active status. The time period for this study is from 2006 to 2012. Regression analysis is use to analyze the impact of working capital investment and financing policies. Regression analysis is supported by SPSS software. The result of this study indicate that if companies follow the aggressive investment and financing policies then they will not be able to yield more profit as both these policies yields negative effect on the profitability and shareholder’ worth. There is inverse relationship between degree of aggressiveness with profitability and shareholder’ worth. Keywords: Working capital efficiency, aggressive investment policy, working capital financing policy, firm’ profitability, shareholder’s worth, Cement industry, sugar industr

THE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF A COMMUNITY’S FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION WITHIN A SMALL ISLAND ECOSYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT KARAMPUANG ISLAND IN MAMUJU DISTRICT, WEST SULAWESI, INDONESIA)

Restricted production facilities for fishermen and marginal land ownership have triggerred low living standard for communities on small islands. This negatively impacts on community members’ ability to fulfill household food needs. Therefore, long-term survival requires a pattern of adaptation by the social environment of the community. This study examines and analyzes the strategies of a single community’s food production and consumption within an island ecosystem. Case study research was chosen in order to provide in-depth exploration and description of the adaptation patterns of the community’s food production and consumption on Karampuang Island. The data were collected using in-depth interviews supplemented by focus group discussions and field observations in order to comprehensively explore the social and economic lives of community members. The results indicated that the adaptation strategies of the community’s food production in Karampuang Island included a double livelihood strategy.  Gendered division of labor was found to utilize the optimal potential of household workers: men were responsible to do fishing in the sea and work as wage laborers in Mamuju City while women were responsible for selling the fish to market in Mamuju City market, and worked as laundry women and shopkeepers. The food consumption adaptation strategy among people in Karampuang Island was accomplished by diversifying food between cassava and rice.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN TEMPE LAKE, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Challenges in providing sufficient food is a society problem and it will exist along with human civilization history.In this modern civilization, when the population reach more than 7 million people in the world, food consumption and production become a civilization problem and nature becomes a victim of it. Nowadays, almost 1 million people facing undernutrition and malnutritionThis study aimed to identify the pattern of food consumption and production in Tempe Lake, the biggest lake in the province or in Sulawesi island. A fieldwork conducted on February 2016 at Laelo Village (Kelurahan Laelo) that belongs to Tempe Sub-district (Kecamatan Tempe).  Total respondents in this study were 72 people who were selected randomly from those have use the lake as main source of livelihood. Some informants who know more about the lake were also interviewed. Data gathered mainly about  land use of the lake during dry season and wet (flood) season, and food consumption and production pattern, This research found that fish production of the lake has decreased significantly in the last 20 years due to sedimentation, overfishing and environmental contamination.   People consumed various foods for their dietary but mostly consuming rice that they purchased from market and fish and vegetables from the lake. There was no different in amount of rice and fish consumed during wet and dry season

FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN AT COASTAL AREA OF KARAMPUANG ISLAND

Patterns of production and consumption of food communities in coastal regions are different from the people who live in mountainous areas or other areas (agricultural society). The fundamental difference between coastal communities and the agricultural society is due to the access to land. This study aimed to assess the patterns of food production and consumption in coastal areas. The method used is a case study to look deeply at the social reality of consumption and production pattern in coastal regions. Field data collection is done systematically through questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and field observation. The focus on research is the coastal community in Karampuang island. The target group is determined based on the knowledge of field conditions, and the initial information has been obtained from key informants. The most important results were obtained, namely: Patterns of food production of the island Karampuang characterized by the production of a limited form of cassava were only able to complement the food needs alone, and Society Consumption Pattern Karampuang Island is characterized by the intensity of the low consumption, low consumption type material variations

The relation between active smoking and colposcopical and cytological findings in the cervix uteri

Background: All types of smoking have been associated with cervical neoplasia, and the long-term of use tobacco products and intensity of smoking could influence cervical carcinogenesis. The aim of this study is to identify the association between smoking and the presence of colposcopical and cytological abnormalities in cervix uteri.Methods: An observational case-control study was applied on 100 patients to investigate this relationship. The patients were divided into two groups, smokers’ group (70) cases and nonsmokers’ group (30) cases. All of the patients have been submitted to colposcopy and Papanicolaou smear. Comparison of colposcopic and cellular findings between both groups was done.Results: Authors found that there was a significance difference in the rate of abnormal colposcopical findings between two groups. This rate in smokers’ sample was 45.7% and in the second was 26.7% with p-value=0.04. Additionally, there was no significance difference in the rate of abnormal cytological findings. This rate in smokers’ group was 32.9% whereas in the second was 23.4% with p-value=0.6.Conclusions: This study data suggests that smoking increases abnormalities in papanicolaou smear and colposcopy

Automatic modulation classification based deep learning with mixed feature

The automatic modulation classification (AMC) plays an important and necessary role in the truncated wireless signal, which is used in modern communications. The proposed convolution neural network (CNN) for AMC is based on a method of feature expansion by integrating I/Q (time form) with r/Ɵ (polar form) in order to take advantage of two things: first, feature expansion helps to increase features; the second is that converting to polar form helps to increase classification accuracy for higher order modulation due to diversity in polar form. CNN consists of six blocks. Each block contains symmetric and asymmetric filters, as well as max and average pooling filters. This paper uses DeepSig: RadioML which is a dataset of 24 modulation classes. The proposed network has outperformed many recent papers in terms of classification accuracy for 24 modulation types, with a classification accuracy of up to 96.06 at an SNR=20 dB