The effect of corporate social responsibilities on corporate performance: the mediating role of corporate culture and affective commitment

Yemen has experienced drastic decline in natural resources (oil and water). Due to the economic distress and social challenges that Yemen is facing, it is very important to understand the complex connection and interdependence of the CSR pillars (economic growth, social development, philanthropy and environmental protection). Corporations can achieve long-term growth by maintaining CSR activities and achieving corporate performance. Furthermore, the area of CSR activities, corporate culture and affective commitment impacting corporate performance, is a relatively unexplored area in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine the direct influence of Yemeni oil and gas companies’ social responsibilities (CSR) activities on their performance as well as the indirect influence on their performance though corporate culture, and affective commitment. A total of 339 employees from three Yemeni oil and gas companies (Safer exploration and Production, Perto-Masila and YLNG.) were drawn from a stratified sample randomly. Adopting the descriptive research design, questionnaires were developed to collect data; the first part covers the demographic information of the respondents and the remaining consists of questionnaires with 42 items, rated on 5-Likert type categories, adapted from established scales which have been validated and used in previous studies. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) procedures. The results indicated that the research instrument was valid and reliable. The study found that both the economic responsibilities and social responsibilities have a direct significant influence on Yemeni oil and gas companies’ performance. However, both the Philanthropic and environmental responsibilities do not have a direct influence on the Yemeni oil and gas companies’ performance. Regarding the indirect impact, three CSR dimensions (economic responsibilities, social responsibilities and Philanthropic responsibilities) have significant indirect effect on the Yemeni oil and gas companies’ performance through corporate culture and affective commitment. However, the environmental responsibilities showed insignificant effect on the Yemeni oil and gas companies’ performance through corporate culture and affective commitment. Hence, Yemeni government is advised to develop CSR-related policies tailored to encourage the adoption of CSR practices by companies. Last but not least, theoretical and practical implications of these findings and recommendations were discussed

Analysing the Social Triple Bottom Line Impacts of International Trade

Globalization and growth in emerging economies drive and are driven by the increase in volume of international trade in the past decades. That means the number of workers in a country working to supply the consumption of other countries has increased. Concerns about the conditions of those workers in emerging economies increased after the discovery of child labour and human trafficking in the Thai fishing sector and the collapse of the Rana Plaza building, housing clothing industry workers, in Bangladesh. This thesis analyses a number of social indicators that have been extended to a Multi-Regional Input Output table (MRIO) to measure what are called Social Footprints of nations. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to this work. Chapter 2 presents some principles of input-output analysis. Chapter 3 investigates the average wages paid for producing direct and indirect imports of nations using employment and income satellite accounts. Chapter 4 analyses the number of workers working in global supply chains and living below the international poverty line, $1.25. Chapter 5 looks at quantitative accounting for social-economic indicators and the development of national accounts. Chapter 6 includes a number of Occupational Health and Safety indicators coupled with MRIO analysis to trace, for instance, the global fatal accidents in the agriculture sector associated with trade. Chapter 7 presents disaggregated labour data and evaluates local and global supply chains to develop the first comprehensive and systematic assessment of Indian child labour involved in the production of commodities consumed worldwide. Chapter 8 presents a case study of the social impact of international trade on the Chinese transport sector and its consequences for the lives of Chinese transport workers and the general population. Chapter 9 concludes. Social footprints can play an important role in illustrating the impact of international trade on social indicators within countries

Conceptualizing the Effect of CSR Activities on Affective Commitment and Corporate Performance

This paper provides a conceptual model that investigates the effect of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR)on affective commitment and corporate performance. Although the social and political issues are the root cause of the threat to sustainability development in the world, only corporations have the three essential components, namely resources, global reach and motivation, in order to achieve sustainability. Under competitive pressures, managers need to take into consideration the effect of organizational actions including corporate responsibility in order to retain valuable and non substituable human resources. The main purpose of this study is to increase corporate performance together with employee’s commitment towards the organization. From the economic distress and social challenges that Yemen is facing, it is very important to understand the complex connection and interdependence of CSR activities. Corporate can achieve long term growth followed with maintaining effective CSR activities and achieving corporate reputation. This study contributes to the literature of corporate communication to gain public legitimacy and corporate governance and develop a CSR model that explores critical dimensions in management of corporate culture in Yemen Oil industry. Keywords - Corporate social responsibilities, corporate culture, affective commitment, Yemen

Investigating the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility and affective commitment on Corporate Performance in Oil and Gas Corporations in Yemen

This article investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and affective commitment on corporate performance. Although the social and political issues are the root cause of the threat to sustainability development in the world, only corporations have the three essential components, namely resources, global reach and motivation, in order to achieve sustainability. From the economic distress and social challenges that Yemen is facing, it is very important to understand the complex connection and interdependence of CSR activities. Data were collected by means of self-administered survey questionnaire. A total of 339 usable responses were obtained from the employees working in three major oil and gas corporations in Yemen. The findings revealed that affective commitment influence corporate performance by 0.176 at significant level of 0.05. The study result shows that CSR to employee dimensions play an important role in nurturing the commitment of the employees, their engagement and innovation. Corporate can achieve long term growth followed with maintaining effective CSR activities and achieve its reputation with an effective CSR strategies

The inequality footprints of nations: a novel approach to quantitative accounting of income inequality.

In this study we use economic input-output analysis to calculate the inequality footprint of nations. An inequality footprint shows the link that each country's domestic economic activity has to income distribution elsewhere in the world. To this end we use employment and household income accounts for 187 countries and an historical time series dating back to 1990. Our results show that in 2010, most developed countries had an inequality footprint that was higher than their within-country inequality, meaning that in order to support domestic lifestyles, these countries source imports from more unequal economies. Amongst exceptions are the United States and United Kingdom, which placed them on a par with many developing countries. Russia has a high within-country inequality nevertheless it has the lowest inequality footprint in the world, which is because of its trade connections with the Commonwealth of Independent States and Europe. Our findings show that the commodities that are inequality-intensive, such as electronic components, chemicals, fertilizers, minerals, and agricultural products often originate in developing countries characterized by high levels of inequality. Consumption of these commodities may implicate within-country inequality in both developing and developed countries

Trade in occupational safety and health : tracing the embodied human and economic harm in labour along the global supply chain

Over the past years there has been enormous concern about labour conditions in developing countries particularly around work for the export market. This study addresses human rights issues related to Occupational Safety and Health for people suffering injuries from work demanded as a result of international trade arrangements. Here we present Occupational Safety and Health Footprints, which include the number of work-related accidents that occur throughout the world and that are directly and indirectly linked to the consumption of products, calculated for every nation's consumption bundle. OSHF include fatal footprints, non-fatal footprints, days lost footprints and wages lost footprints per given year. In order to calculate the OSHF, we used a comprehensive Multi-Regional Input Output MRIO table (Eora) in addition to data from the International Labour Organization, ASEAN Occupational Safety and Health Network (ASEAN-OSHNET) and others. This study finds that in 2010 there were 12 fatal and 4.8 thousand non-fatal incidents, 27 thousand days lost and two million US$ lost in wages per 100 thousand workers in supply chains worldwide. The results presented in this paper show hidden accidents throughout global supply chains and hence can be used to apply pressure on international organisations, governments and focal companies to improve the conditions of workers, particularly in terms of OSH in the workplace

Candida pneumonia in young and immunocompetent lady: A case report and literature review

Background: Candida is a frequent respiratory tract colonizer. True candida pneumonia is rare and seen with predominance in immunosuppressed patients. Our aim is to document a previously unreported case of Candida pneumonia in a young and immunocompetent patient, highlighting, an unusual pathological manifestation of this infection in immunocompetent individuals. Case summary: We report a previously healthy young lady who remained symptomatic with fever, cough and shortness of breath for three weeks duration despite treatment with extensive antibiotics regimen for community acquired pneumonia. She was eventually treated as a probable, rare case of candida pneumonia. The patient demonstrated a dramatic response to single antifungal treatment both clinically and biochemically within the first 24hrs of treatment. Candida albican was isolated on repetitive cultures form the sputum and bronchoalevolar lavage samples. The patient had negative blood cultures. Her HRCT scan revealed bilateral basal air space opacities with peri bronchovascular distribution and centrilobular nodules with branching pattern suggestive of tree in bud predominantly in lower lobes. Her endobronchial biopsies was mostly unremarkable apart from rare non-necrotizing granuloma. Conclusion: Candida can rarely cause clinically significant pneumonia in immunocompetent patients and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease

A Multi-Group Analysis of the Effect of Organizational Commitment on Higher Education Services Quality

Service organizations dependent on human interaction to deliver services to the customer. Hence, delivering the required level of service quality determined by employee and customer interaction through service encounter. Throughout crucial service encounter between employee and customer, it is employee’s willingness to involve in discretionary effort that influences the level of service quality that delivered to the customer (Zeithaml, Parasuraman, & Berry, 1990; Boulding, Kalra, Staelin and Zeithaml, 1993; Malhotra & Mukherjee, 2004; Chand, 2010; Tsaur and Lin, 2004; Sarkey, Turkson and Ansah, 2013; Larivière, 2017), Which mean organizations services will face more difficulties to delivering the desirable level of service quality to their customers when their frontline employees uncommitted and dissatisfied or not happy (Zeithaml, Berryand Parasuraman, 1996; Al-Refaei and Zumrah, 2019a), or unwilling to exert any additional effort to benefit there organization (Al-Refaei and Zumrah (2019b). Furthermore delivering desirable level of service quality heavily depends on the frontline employees (Al-Refaei and Zumrah (2019b), delivered service process depends on the way that employee deal with customer. However, previous studies argued that, customers' experience considered as the key issue to understanding service quality (Schneider, Parkington and Buxton, 1980; Schneider and Bowen, 1993; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, 1988; Schneider and Bowen, 1985; Schneider, White and Paul, 1998; Gazzoli, Hancer and Kim, 2013; Jaakkola, Helkkula and Aarikka-Stenroo, 2015). Therefore, the key to managing the customer’s experience of service quality is to manage frontline employees’ experiences within their own organization, due to employ ee experiences, attitudes and behaviors is the critical link to the customer’s perception of service quality (Parkington, and Schneider, 1979; Schneider and Bowen, 1985; Gazzoli, Hancer and Kim, 2013; Oh and Kim, 2017). Furthermore, employee perceptions of organizational practices and procedures influence customer perceptions of service quality (Schneider, Parkington and Buxton, 1980). However, customers preferring to build their perception of services quality on specific employee performance rather than on global assessments of services quality (Gould-Williams and Davies, 2005). In addition researchers such as (Alshaibani and Bakir, 2017, Liao and Chuang, 2004; Liao, Toya, Lepak and Hong, 2009; Raub and Liao, 2012) argued that customer perception of service quality directly affected by service performance of front-line employees, Therefore, previous studies did not matched customers perception of service quality to perception of employee who provide service toward organizational practices and procedures, which make the relationship between organizational practices, procedures, employee attitudes and behaviour on customer perception of service quality unclea

The effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on corporate performance in Oil and Gas Industry

This article investigates the causal impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate performance. Although the social and political issues are the root cause of the threat to sustainability development in the world, only corporations have the three essential components, namely resources, global reach and motivation, in order to achieve sustainability. From the economic distress and social challenges that Yemen is facing, it is very important to understand the complex connection and interdependence of CSR activities. Data were collected by means of self administered survey questionnaire. A total of 339 usable responses were obtained from the employees working in three major oil and gas corporations in Yemen. The findings contribute to the literature of corporate communication to gain public legitimacy and corporate governance and develop a CSR model that explores critical dimensions in the management of corporate in Yemen Oil and Gas industry. The study result shows that CSR to employee dimensions play an important role in corporat performance. Corporate can achieve long term growth followed with maintaining effective CSR activities and achieve its reputation with an effective CSR strategies