Analysis of Patients Operated For Lumber Disc Herniation

Objectives:  To analyze different variables of patients operated for lumber disc prolapsed. Study Design:  Observational study. Sample Size:  Three hundred and twelve consecutive patients operated for lumber disc herniation. Settings:  Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Govt Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. Pakistan. Duration:  The study duration was nine months from January 2008 to sept; 2008. Results:  Out of 312 patients 208 were male and 104 female with male to female ratio of 2:1. Their ages ranged from 17 to 70 years. Majority (56.1%) of patients were from northern areas. Straight leg raising test was impaired in 295 cases. The ratio between contained and ruptured disc was 3:1. About 44.9% of patients (140 cases) had left side disc prolapse, while right side in 29.5% and bilateral in 25.6% cases. The common level affected was L4-L5. In 225{72.1%} patients modified fenestration Discectomy was suitable and in the rest Laminectomy was carried out.  Conclusion:  From this study we conclude that Lumber disc herniation is common in male gender in 4th decade of their life, which occur commonly due to misuse of back. It usually occurs in Labourers and drivers. Left side and L4-5 level is involved in majority of patients. Sciatica with backache, and impaired straight leg raising test are important clinical features. Contained disc is more common than ruptured disc. Minimal invasive procedures like modified fenestration Discectomy gives good results.&nbsp

The Effect of the Negotiation Strategy on Value-Based Management among The Principals of Public Schools in Zarqa Governorate

The purpose of this study was to look into the impact of the negotiation strategy on value-based management among principals of government schools in the Directorate of Education in the Ruseifeh District of Zarqa Governorate. The descriptive analytical method was used by the researcher. To collect data, a questionnaire was developed. The study’s sample consists of (156) male and female government school teachers from the directorate of education in the Rusaifa district of Zarqa Governorate. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program. The degree of application of the negotiation strategy with government school directors in the Education Directorate in the Ruseifeh district of Zarqa Governorate is medium, as is the degree of application of administration by values to government school directors, and the presence of a statistically significant effect of the negotiation strategy on value management among government school principals. Based on the findings, the study made several recommendations, the most important of which was to strengthen the role of government school principals in Jordan by increasing interest in implementing the negotiation strategy in managing their educational institutions by fostering a positive interactive environment between principals and teachers; the need for school administrators to monitor the process of implementing decisions pertaining to their educational institution in collaboration with teachers, as well as the need to improve communication skills between management and school personnel in order for the negotiation strategy to be successful. In light of the results, the study recommended several recommendations, most notably the necessity of enhancing the role of government school principals in Jordan by increasing interest in implementing the negotiation strategy in managing their educational institutions by creating a sound interactive environment between principals and teachers; the need for school administrators to follow up the process of implementing decisions pertaining to their educational institution in partnership with teachers, and the need to enhance communication skills between management and school personnel to make the negotiation strategy successful

An Assessment of Economic Sustainability in Broiler Enterprises: Evidence from Jordan

Assessing economic sustainability is crucial to measure livestock enterprise success. This study is aimed at assessing the economic sustainability of broiler enterprises in Jordan. To achieve the goals of this study, 94 broiler farms were surveyed. A multi-stage sampling technique, descriptive statistics, and simple economic analysis were adopted. The investigated farms’ economic viability, which is the best indication for sustainability, is measured through profitability, liquidity and productivity indicators. The values of the economic sustainability indicators used in this study to assess profitability, liquidity, and productivity showed that the broiler sector in Jordan is economically viable and sustainable. Investors in livestock activities in Jordan are advised to invest in the broiler industry as it is with high economic sustainability

An Assessment of Economic Sustainability in Broiler Enterprises: Evidence from Jordan

Assessing economic sustainability is crucial to measure livestock enterprise success. This study is aimed at assessing the economic sustainability of broiler enterprises in Jordan. To achieve the goals of this study, 94 broiler farms were surveyed. A multi-stage sampling technique, descriptive statistics, and simple economic analysis were adopted. The investigated farms’ economic viability, which is the best indication for sustainability, is measured through profitability, liquidity and productivity indicators. The values of the economic sustainability indicators used in this study to assess profitability, liquidity, and productivity showed that the broiler sector in Jordan is economically viable and sustainable. Investors in livestock activities in Jordan are advised to invest in the broiler industry as it is with high economic sustainability

An Assessment of the Use of Agricultural Marketing Extension Among Extension Methods: Insight from Jordan

This study aimed at assessing the use of agricultural marketing extension services among extension methods provided by public agricultural extension agents in Jordan. A sample survey of public agricultural extension agents was conducted covering the whole Agricultural Directorates in the country. The survey employed a structured questionnaire with pre-coded questions. The entire sample consists of 107 agricultural extension agents. To achieve its goals qualitative as well as quantitative analytical procedures were adopted in this study. A Four point likert-scales was used to compute the respondents overall mean score. The study provided empirical evidence about the lack of agricultural marketing extension among extension methods used by public extension agents in Jordan. Public extension agents in Jordan consider agricultural marketing extension with low priority during their extensive activity. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers

An Assessment of the Use of Agricultural Marketing Extension Among Extension Methods: Insight from Jordan

This study aimed at assessing the use of agricultural marketing extension services among extension methods provided by public agricultural extension agents in Jordan. A sample survey of public agricultural extension agents was conducted covering the whole Agricultural Directorates in the country. The survey employed a structured questionnaire with pre-coded questions. The entire sample consists of 107 agricultural extension agents. To achieve its goals qualitative as well as quantitative analytical procedures were adopted in this study. A Four point likert-scales was used to compute the respondents overall mean score. The study provided empirical evidence about the lack of agricultural marketing extension among extension methods used by public extension agents in Jordan. Public extension agents in Jordan consider agricultural marketing extension with low priority during their extensive activity. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers. Public agricultural extension activities should be directed to enhance marketing extension activities. Extension methods such as newspapers, radio, TV, mobile, internet and experts systems should be strongly considered to spread marketing knowledge to the farmers

A New SIR-Based Sigmoid Power Control Game in Cognitive Radio Networks

Interference resulting from Cognitive Radios (CRs) is the most important aspect of cognitive radio networks that leads to degradation in Quality of Service (QoS) in both primary and CR systems. Power control is one of the efficient techniques that can be used to reduce interference and satisfy the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) constraint among CRs. This paper proposes a new distributed power control algorithm based on game theory approach in cognitive radio networks. The proposal focuses on the channel status of cognitive radio users to improve system performance. A new cost function for SIR-based power control via a sigmoid weighting factor is introduced. The existence of Nash Equilibrium and convergence of the algorithm are also proved. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is the possibility to utilize and implement it in a distributed manner. Simulation results show considerable savings on Nash Equilibrium power compared to relevant algorithms while reduction in achieved SIR is insignificant