Comparative Assessment of External Costs and Pollution Taxes in Baltic States, Czech Republic and Slovakia

External costs are the main market failure. Pollution taxes and other fl exible market instruments are applied to internalise external costs of atmospheric emissions. Subsidies to renewable energy technologies in the form of Feed-in prices are also applied to internalize positive external benefi ts associated with use of renewable energy sources for energy generation as these technologies have lower life-cycle emissions of classical pollutants and GHG emissions in comparison with fossil fuel based energy generation technologies. The paper reviews and compares external costs of atmospheric pollution and pollution taxes in Baltic States, Czech Republic and Slovakia and assesses the level of internalization of external costs and their impact on atmospheric emissions of classical pollutants in these countries. The literature review allows generalizing results of external costs assessment and their internalization issues. The paper analyses and compares external costs of atmospheric pollution in Baltic States, Czech Republic and Slovakia together with atmospheric pollution taxes and other policy measures used to internalise external costs of atmospheric pollution in Baltic States and Czech Republic and Slovakia. The analysis of trends of atmospheric pollution by classical pollutants in Baltic States and Czech Republic and Slovakia is provided and policy recommendations based on the main fi ndings of analysis conducted were developed

A Review of Willingness to Pay Studies for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector

A wide range of climate change mitigation policies have been developed around the world and these policies have become one of the major concerns, however there is still debate among scientists about what are the main external benefits and how to account for them and prepare e ective climate change mitigation policies that might be widely accepted by society in general. One of the main ways to assess external benefit of climate change mitigation in energy sector is to conduct Willingness to Pay (WTP) assessments for climate change mitigation options by households. There are many studies on WTP assessment for climate stability conducted in recent years. The paper surveys the existing literature on WTP for climate change mitigation policy in the energy sector. The aim of the paper is to identify the common variables across a varied set of WTP studies in order to establish a basis for comparison. The key variables selected for analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation in energy sector addressed in the paper are: the WTP assessment methods; the main attributes used for comparing alternatives in WTP studies, targeted climate change mitigation policies in energy sector, mathematical model used to estimate WTP, the main socio-demographic factors having impact on WTP for climate change mitigation policies. The analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation is grouped in two areas: renewables and energy e ciency measures in households. The paper provides analytical structure for future studies to evaluate the e ects of variation in key comparative elements upon WTP

A Review of Willingness to Pay Studies for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector

A wide range of climate change mitigation policies have been developed around the world and these policies have become one of the major concerns, however there is still debate among scientists about what are the main external benefits and how to account for them and prepare e ective climate change mitigation policies that might be widely accepted by society in general. One of the main ways to assess external benefit of climate change mitigation in energy sector is to conduct Willingness to Pay (WTP) assessments for climate change mitigation options by households. There are many studies on WTP assessment for climate stability conducted in recent years. The paper surveys the existing literature on WTP for climate change mitigation policy in the energy sector. The aim of the paper is to identify the common variables across a varied set of WTP studies in order to establish a basis for comparison. The key variables selected for analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation in energy sector addressed in the paper are: the WTP assessment methods; the main attributes used for comparing alternatives in WTP studies, targeted climate change mitigation policies in energy sector, mathematical model used to estimate WTP, the main socio-demographic factors having impact on WTP for climate change mitigation policies. The analysis of WTP studies for climate change mitigation is grouped in two areas: renewables and energy e ciency measures in households. The paper provides analytical structure for future studies to evaluate the e ects of variation in key comparative elements upon WTP

Comparative assesment of external costs and pollution taxes in baltic states, Czech republic and Slovakia

External costs are the main market failure. Pollution taxes and other fl exible market instruments are applied to internalise external costs of atmospheric emissions. Subsidies to renewable energy technologies in the form of Feed-in prices are also applied to internalize positive external bene fi ts associated with use of renewable energy sources for energy generation as these technologies have lower life-cycle emissions of classical pollutants and GHG emissions in comparison with fossil fuel based energy generation technologies. The paper reviews and compares external costs of atmospheric pollution and pollution taxes in Baltic States, Czech Republic and Slovakia and assesses the level of internalization of external costs and their impact on atmospheric emissions of classical pollutants in these countries. The literature review allows generalizing results of external costs assessment and their internalization issues. The paper analyses and compares external costs of atmospheric pollution in Baltic States, Czech Republic and Slovakia together with atmospheric pollution taxes and other policy measures used to internalise external costs of atmospheric pollution in Baltic States and Czech Republic and Slovakia. The analysis of trends of atmospheric pollution by classical pollutants in Baltic States and Czech Republic and Slovakia is provided and policy recommendations based on the main fi ndings of analysis conducted were developed

The Factors that determine physical entities’ borrowing: Lithuanian case

The aim of the study is identification of internal and external factors that determine physical entities’ borrowing in Lithuanian finance market. The methods of the research include literature analysis, questionnaire survey, descriptive statistics and cross-variable analysis. The research has enabled to establish the links between the internal and external determinants of physical entities’ borrowing and their demographic characteristics

Social responsibility of business - important instrument in implementing sustainable energy development

This article analyses the importance of social responsibility in business when trying to ensure sustainable development and to develop concepts of sustainable energy. Since the most significant elements of concept of sustainable energy are the usage of renewable energy resources and improvement in energy efficiency, sustainable development helps to solve issues associated with energy isolation and climate changes, to fight poverty and to ensure well-being of future generations. The aim of the article is to reveal the importance of social responsibility of companies ensuring sustainable development of energetic, which means higher efficiency of energy consumption and usage of renewable energy sources. The article discusses on priorities of development of sustainable energetic and Lithuanian achievements in its implementation. It is stated that renewable energy technologies could decrease State’s dependence on fluctuation in prices of fossil fuels, and motivate employment and economic growth in Lithuania. Generation of energy and heat from garbage, waste and biomass could solve issues of waste disposal and to contribute to the decrease of impact on climate change ensuring well-being of present and future generations. Since social responsibility is the cheapest way to implement sustainable development in company level and to ensure the input of private business when implementing sustainable development in Lithuania, it is necessary to emphasize the motivation of social responsibility of companies in the sector of energy