Investigating pedestrians’ obstacle avoidance behaviour

Modelling and simulating pedestrian motions are standard ways to investigate crowd dynamics aimed to enhance pedestrians’ safety. Movement of people is affected by interactions with one another and with the physical environment that it may be a worthy line of research. This paper studies the impact of speed on how pedestrians respond to the obstacles (i.e. Obstacles avoidance behaviour). A field experiment was performed in which a group of people were instructed to perform some obstacles avoidance tasks at two levels of normal and high speeds. Trajectories of the participants are extracted from the video recordings for the subsequent intentions:(i) to seek out the impact of total speed, x and yaxis (ii) to observe the impact of the speed on the movement direction, x-axis, (iii) to find out the impact of speed on the lateral direction, y-axis. The results of the experiments could be used to enhance the current pedestrian simulation models

Understanding the Characteristics of Pedestrians when Passing Obstacles of Different Sizes: An Experimental Study

The aim of this study is to understand the collective movements of individuals and to observe how individuals interact within a physical environment in a crowd dynamic, which has drawn the attention of many researchers. We conducted an experimental study to observe interactions in the collective motions of people and to identify characteristics of pedestrians when passing obstacles of different sizes (bar-shaped, 1.2 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m and 4.8 m), going through one narrow exit and employing three different flow rates in walking and running conditions. According to the results of our study, there were no differences in collision-avoidance behaviour of pedestrians when walking or running. The pedestrians reacted early to the obstacles and changed the direction in which they were walking by quickly turning to the left or to the right. In terms of the speed of the pedestrians, the average velocity was significantly affected while performing these tasks, decreasing as the size of the obstacle increased; therefore, the size of obstacles will affect flow and speed levels. Travel time was shorter when participants were in the medium-flow rate experiments. In terms of the distance of each individual’s travel, our data showed that there was no significant difference in all the flow rate experiments for both speed levels. Our results also show that when the pedestrians crossed an obstacle, the lateral distance averaged from 0.3 m to 0.7 m, depending on the flow rate and speed level. We then explored how the body sways behaved while avoiding obstacles. It is observed that the average sway of the body was less in the high-speed conditions compared to the low-speed conditions – except for the HF & 4.8 m experiment. These results are expected to provide an insight into the characteristics of the behaviour of pedestrians when avoiding objects, and this could help enhance agent-based models

Anemia Of Chronic Disease And Kidney Failure

Anemia is a disease that caused due to inflammation, autoimmune disease, or chronic disease as cancer, kidney failure, heart failure, diabetes, but the main reason of anemia is iron deficiency. Breathlessness, weakness, and exhaustion are all possible effects of anemia. Anemia comes in a variety of types. Everyone has a unique reason. Anemia may be chronic or transient. It could be minor or really serious. Anemia may indicate a more serious medical condition.  In this research we will explain the anemia due to chronic disease especially kidney failure. Anemia occurs when decreasing the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen to the body. According to world health organization (WHO), the person has anemia when hemoglobin (which is present in red blood cells, transports oxygen from the lungs to every other organ in the body), (Hb) levels <12.0 g/dl in women and <13.0 g/dl in men. We can treat anemia by iron supplement, medications, blood transfusion, vitB12, blood and bone transplant but it occur in hospital and by healthy diet. If anemia remained untreated it will be a risk of irregular heartbeat, heart failure, infection, and in children it may cause developmental delay. We can diagnosis anemia by blood tests which are used by medical practitioners to look for indications of inflammation-related anemia, other anemias, or other health issues. You will give blood to a medical professional who will then submit the sample to a lab for analysis. The National institutes of health (NIH) approved that we can examine a variety of components and characteristics of your blood, such as how many red blood cells ,the dimensions of red blood cells ,how much hemoglobin is present in your blood and red blood cells ,the quantity of reticulocytes, or growing red blood cells, in your blood. Blood tests are another tool that a medical expert may use to measure how much iron is stored in blood, transferrin, and ferritin. If the results of a blood test indicate that you have anemia low blood iron levels will appear, determining the amount of iron in low and normal range. Adults who suffer from severe anemia may become vulnerable to heart or lung issues. For instance, you might experience heart failure, in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood throughout your body at the proper pressure or tachycardia, which is an unusually rapid heartbeat. Anemia  can also come from obesity unlike exception of some people so we should follow health diet has iron supplement such as meat, sugar beet

The effect of precursor concentration on the particle size, crystal size, and optical energy gap of CexSn1â’xO2 nanofabrication

In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6−21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka–Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa

Crowd Dynamic Modeling and Simulation

© 2021 Abdullah AlhawsawiThe ability to accurately model and simulate the interactions between pedestrians and the natural environment is a matter of interest in the crowd dynamics field. A primary objective is to optimise the design of entry and exit points and thus provide safe passage in crowded venues such as schools, theatres, mosques, airports, railway stations, concert halls and football stadiums. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of crowd behaviour is important for improving the safety of crowds. People’s movements are affected by interactions with other individuals and the environment. The interactions between humans and physical objects are of particular concern in crowd movement, especially during an emergency, and require further study. Pedestrian simulation has been recognised as a tool that provides a robust framework for understanding crowd dynamics in a complex environment and for predicting crowd density during an extreme event. However, for pedestrian simulations to produce reliable numerical simulation outputs, they must be calibrated using reliable experimental data so that they can produce reasonable results. Therefore, investigating the effects of factors such as pedestrian competition levels in normal and emergency conditions, and crowd density on the behaviour of pedestrians is an important topic. In this study, we performed experiments focusing on the interaction of crowds and their surrounding physical situation; specifically, we observed how pedestrians avoid obstructions in a compound indoor environment at different speed levels (low–high) and density levels (low–high). This research aimed to study the effect of the various sizes of obstacles (1.2 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m and 4.8 m) on human behaviour (walking and running) at particular density levels (or flow rates). Several factors that affect the movement of pedestrians around objects were studied using macro-and micro-level approaches. The results were then utilised to enhance a pedestrian simulation model developed at the University of Melbourne over the past 10 years. The outcome of this study was used to investigate the obstacles' positions, the exit locations, and the placement of obstacles around the exit to improve the movement of crowds under normal and emergency conditions

Simulation Pedestrian Flow Under Vertical Bottleneck Constraints: How Stair Configuration Affects Pedestrian Movement Efficiency

As a result of the geometric constraints of the stairs, pedestrian movement features on stairways are different from level ambulation. Therefore, it is necessary for us to consider the stairs' three-dimensional geometry when we try to explore how the stair configuration affects pedestrian movement efficiency. Based on the pedestrian fundamental features from a previous pedestrian single-file movement experiment on stairs, we investigated pedestrian flow under various stair configurations with an improved agent-based model. Our simulated indicates that both stair inclinations and tread depth of stair step are sensitive to the pedestrian dynamic on stairs. Generally speaking, pedestrian flow decreases with the increasing slope of stairs. When the stairs slope increased 5, 10, 15 and 20 degree, the evacuation efficiency dropped 5.8%, 12.8%, 19.3% and 28.4%. Besides, the effect of the tread depth on pedestrian total evacuation time is not changed monotonously. Scenarios with 0.3m tread depth size present the optimal evacuation efficiency. Other scenarios differ from 3% to 27.9% in terms of the total evacuation time

The outright regarding abdominal wall hernia among adults in Jazan: A cross-sectional study

Background: Hernias are repeatedly encountered in surgical clinics owing to risks such as constipation, weightlifting, gestation, weight gain, and ongoing ailments similar to bronchial asthma and prostatic enlargement. The study intended to examine various viewpoints of the population's knowledge and beliefs concerning hernia and its management. Methods: Individuals in this cross-sectional study were randomly picked from those at greater risk of acquiring abdominal wall hernias (AWHs). To report their awareness levels toward AWH, the data were calculated as frequency, expressed as a percentage, and displayed as tables and figures. Results: Eighty-six percent of the patients did not have a hernia during the study, but all had experienced hernias before the study date. About 36.9% of participants showed a poor level of knowledge regarding AWHs. Participants' knowledge was notably correlated with gender, age, marital status, previous abdominal surgery, presence of interfamilial hernias, and having asthma or chronic cough (P < 0.05). According to 55% of respondents, pain and discomfort after an operation are the most prevalent complications, while 15.1% reported no postoperative complications. According to 41.4% of respondents, laparoscopic surgery was the best treatment option, followed by open surgery and lifestyle modifications in 28% and 24.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Compared to females, males were more likely to suffer from AWHs. Hernia's risk factors, management methods, and surgical complications were not well understood by participants. This may entail holding seminars to raise awareness of AWHs among the community members

REVIEW-STRATEGIES INDICATORS OF TREATMENT OF GINGIVAL RECESSION

Globally, gingival recession is extremely widespread. It raises the risk for root caries and can impair patient comfort, function, and appearance. We searched electronic databases for all pertinent research published up until the middle of 2022. Additionally, progressive gingival recession raises the likelihood of tooth loss due to clinical attachment loss. Although reducing the causes of gingival recession reduces its incidence and severity, it can be difficult to implement realistic management and preventative techniques in a clinical context. Developing action plans for relevant therapies begins with identifying susceptible patients and evaluating them for the presence of modifiable risk exposures

The Lab-Pharmacy Nexus: Unveiling the convergence of scientific research and medication management

The synergies and vital interdependence between scientific research labs and pharmacies within the healthcare ecosystem have been thoroughly explored in this topic. Scientific research labs were portrayed as centers of creativity, experimentation, and cross-disciplinary cooperation that shaped how we perceive the natural world. Pharmacies were acknowledged as essential to patient care for their ability to dispense prescription drugs, promote health, and guarantee regulatory compliance. The discussion shed light on situations in which miscommunication between pharmacies and labs resulted in avoidable mistakes in medicine administration. The story went on to highlight the growing importance of pharmacists in the monitoring of therapeutic drugs, chronic illness care, and diagnostics. The need for collaboration between lab technicians and pharmacists was emphasized as a means of promoting innovation, managing the challenges associated with medication monitoring, and guaranteeing the best possible outcomes for patients. This comprehensive investigation highlights how important it is to collaborate seamlessly in order to promote patient safety, advance healthcare innovation, and improve the standard of care as a whole

OVERVIEW ON ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE IN MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Patients with more advanced stage 3 or stage 4 CKD experience a higher incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. Because chronic kidney disease is a growing health concern, family physicians must be equipped to care for this unique patient population. Practice recommendations encourage proactive care of cardiovascular risk, the side effects of metabolic bone disease, and anaemia in these individuals as well as surveillance for increasing kidney disease. Primary care physicians (PCPs) are on the front lines of identifying and treating CKD as early as possible. However, the majority of PCPs frequently miss the existence of CKD. Additionally, the majority of patients with stages 3 and 4 CKD are not co-managed by nephrologists, despite the fact that increasing nephrologists' engagement in the care of these patients has been associated with improved dialysis-free survival. Early detection and treatment of these issues can stop the onset of subsequent sequelae, thus they shouldn't wait till nephrology is involved. This patient population also need appropriate counselling and health maintenance, both of which should be provided by the family doctor overseeing the patient's care