Geotechnical Properties for Soil Alghlabia Area in Diyala Governorate /North Baghdad/ Iraq

يهدف البحث الى ايجاد الخواص الجيوتكنيكية لتربة منطقة الغالبية المجاورة لهبهب التابعة لقضاء الخالص في محافظة ديالى - شمال شرق العراق، 17كم عن المنطقة، 46 كم عن مركز بغداد ، جمعت (5) نماذج ولخمسة مواقع في المنطقة . تبين الخواص الفيزيائية ان انواع الترب هي CL-ML,CL، طبقا لتصنيف المواصفات الامريكية ، وقيم الفعالية اعتيادية ، واعتمادا على L.L.وP.I. ومرتسم اللدونة انواعها ML،ML, CL-ML، ML، CL-MLعلى التوالي , بينما قيم الوزن النوعي متقاربة كون الترسبات مصادرها متشابهة, وتختلف قيم المسامية ونسبة الفراغات لثلاث مواقع ، تتقارب قيم الكثافة الجافة مع القيم القياسية . نتائج الخواص الميكانيكية ، قيم القص المباشر C و Ø ضمن الحدود الطبيعية للأطيان ، بينما قيم الانضمام  اعتيادية ،وكذلك Pc، Cc، Sc ، ثم O.C.R. اكبر من 1 والتي تؤشر الانضمام المفرط ، وقيم التحاليل الكيميائية ، تجاوزت 0.5% T.D.S.، واقل من0.5% للجبسم والمواد العضوية، بينت نتائج pH ان التربة قاعدية ، طبقا للمواصفات، فهي ملائمة لمختلف المنشآت الهندسية .   The research aims, to find out the geotechnical properties for soil Alghlabia area, locate within the near (HibHib) in Khalis/Diyala, northeast of Iraq. Just (17) km from the district center, (46) km from the center of Baghdad, five samples were taken from five sites in the area. Physical properties show that the types of soils, (CL-ML, CL) according to the  classification. Activity of soil values normal, Liquid limit (L.L.) and plasticity index(P.I)and depending on plasticity chart the soils type respectively (ML, ML, CL-ML, ML, CL-ML), while the specific gravity (Gs) values converge, because  resources of same sediments,  porosity (n%) & voids ratio (e0) values for three site are different , dry density (ρd) values approximate for values set by Mechanical properties, direct shear test show that the values cohesion C & angle of internal frication (Ø) are with the natural range of known values of clay soils, while the consolidation test for sites shows that the normal values, Pre consolidation pressure (pc), compression index (cc) & swelling index (cr), then the values of Over Consolidation ratio (OCR) greater than 1, which indicate over consolidation soils. Chemical analysis .Total dissolve salts (T.D.S) for sites is higher exceeded 0.5%, Gypsum content less than 0.5%.Organic Matter content (O.M.C) less than (0.5%)& (pH) the result show that the soil is basic. According to standard, it was suitable, for different Engineering construction

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely