28 research outputs found
State of the Art of Technology for Rural Water System Development
The objective of this study was to review the current state of the art in rural water system technology. This was to be accomplished by a literature review of the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC), National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE). This literature search was to be augmented by interviews with consulting engineers, operating system managers and industrial literature. Both groundwater and surface water technology was to be reviewed. The technology was then to be grouped into four classes: (1) current technology, (2) technology which has been developed, but not currently being used, (3) technology under development which looks promising, and (4) research needed. After the searches were conducted, it became feasible to combine group (2) and (3) into one group entitled technology under development but not fully utilized
Software for the frontiers of quantum chemistry:An overview of developments in the Q-Chem 5 package
This article summarizes technical advances contained in the fifth major release of the Q-Chem quantum chemistry program package, covering developments since 2015. A comprehensive library of exchange–correlation functionals, along with a suite of correlated many-body methods, continues to be a hallmark of the Q-Chem software. The many-body methods include novel variants of both coupled-cluster and configuration-interaction approaches along with methods based on the algebraic diagrammatic construction and variational reduced density-matrix methods. Methods highlighted in Q-Chem 5 include a suite of tools for modeling core-level spectroscopy, methods for describing metastable resonances, methods for computing vibronic spectra, the nuclear–electronic orbital method, and several different energy decomposition analysis techniques. High-performance capabilities including multithreaded parallelism and support for calculations on graphics processing units are described. Q-Chem boasts a community of well over 100 active academic developers, and the continuing evolution of the software is supported by an “open teamware” model and an increasingly modular design
Exploring Non-Condon Effects in a Covalent Tetracene Dimer: How Important Are Vibrations in Determining the Electronic Coupling for Singlet Fission?
Singlet
fission (SF) offers opportunities for wavelength-selective
processing of solar photons with an end goal of achieving higher efficiency
inexpensive photovoltaic or solar-fuels-producing devices. In order
to evaluate new molecular design strategies and for theoretical exploration
of dynamics, it is important to put in place tools for efficient calculation
of the electronic coupling between single-exciton reactant and multiexciton
product states. For maximum utility, the couplings should be calculated
at multiple nuclear geometries (rather than assumed constant everywhere,
i.e., the Condon approximation) and we must be able to evaluate couplings
for covalently linked multichromophore systems. With these requirements
in mind, here we discuss the simplest methodology possible for rapid
calculation of diabatic one-electron coupling matrix elementsbased
on Boys localization and rediagonalization of molecular orbitals.
We focus on a covalent species called BT1 that juxtaposes two tetracene
units in a partially cofacial geometry via a norbornyl bridge. In
BT1, at the equilibrium <i>C</i><sub>2v</sub> structure,
the “nonhorizontal” couplings between HOMOs and LUMOs
(<i>t</i><sub>HL</sub> and <i>t</i><sub>LH</sub>) vanish by symmetry. We then explore the impact of molecular vibrations
through the calculation of <i>t</i><sub>AB</sub> coupling
gradients along 183 normal modes of motion. Rules are established
for the types of motions (irreducible representations in the <i>C</i><sub>2v</sub> point group) that turn on <i>t</i><sub>HL</sub> and <i>t</i><sub>LH</sub> values as well
as for the patterns that emerge in constructive versus destructive
interference of pathways to the SF product. For the best modes, calculated
electronic coupling magnitudes for SF (at root-mean-squared deviation
in position at 298 K), are within a factor of 2 of that seen for noncovalent
tetracene dimers relevant to the molecular crystal. An overall “effective”
electronic coupling is also given, based on the Stuchebrukhov formalism
for non-Condon electron transfer rates
Ultrafast Electronic Relaxation through a Conical Intersection: Nonadiabatic Dynamics Disentangled through an Oscillator Strength-Based Diabatization Framework
We
employ surface hopping trajectories to model the short-time
dynamics of gas-phase and partially solvated 4-(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN), a dual fluorescent
molecule that is known to undergo a nonadiabatic transition through
a conical intersection. To compare theory vs time-resolved fluorescence
measurements, we calculate the mixed quantum–classical density
matrix and the ensemble averaged transition dipole moment. We introduce
a diabatization scheme based on the oscillator strength to convert
the TDDFT adiabatic states into diabatic states of L<sub>a</sub> and
L<sub>b</sub> character. Somewhat surprisingly, we find that the rate
of relaxation reported by emission to the ground state is almost 50%
slower than the adiabatic population relaxation. Although our calculated
adiabatic rates are largely consistent with previous theoretical calculations
and no obvious effects of decoherence are seen, the diabatization
procedure introduced here enables an explicit picture of dynamics
in the branching plane, raising tantalizing questions about geometric
phase effects in systems with dozens of atoms