Financial integration and structural changes in Spanish banks during the pre-crisis period

Artículo de revist

Strain injection techniques in dynamic fracture modeling

A computationally affordable modeling of dynamic fracture phenomena is performed in this study by using strain injection techniques and Finite Elements with Embedded strong discontinuities (E-FEM). In the present research, classical strain localization and strong discontinuity approaches are considered by injecting discontinuous strain and displacement modes in the finite element formulation without an increase of the total number of degrees of freedom. Following the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach (CSDA), stress–strain constitutive laws can be employed in the context of fracture phenomena and, therefore, the methodology remains applicable to a wide number of continuum mechanics models. The position and orientation of the displacement discontinuity is obtained through the solution of a crack propagation problem, i.e. the crack path field, based on the distribution of localized strains. The combination of the above mentioned approaches is envisaged to avoid stress-locking and directional mesh bias phenomena. Dynamic simulations are performed increasing the loading rate up to the appearance of crack branching, and the variation in terms of failure modes is investigated as well as the influence of the strain injection together with the crack path field algorithm. Objectivity of the presented methodology with respect to the spatial and temporal discretization is analyzed in terms of the dissipated energy during the fracture process. The dissipation at the onset of branching is studied for different loading rate conditions and is linked to the experimental maximum velocity observed before branching takes place.Fil: Lloberas Valls, Oriol. Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya; España. Centre Internacional de Metodes Numerics en Enginyeria; EspañaFil: Huespe, Alfredo Edmundo. Centre Internacional de Metodes Numerics en Enginyeria; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones en Métodos Computacionales. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Centro de Investigaciones en Métodos Computacionales; ArgentinaFil: Oliver, J.. Centre Internacional de Metodes Numerics en Enginyeria; España. Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya; EspañaFil: Dias, I.F.. Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil; Portuga

Continuum approach to material failure in strong discontinuity settings

The paper focuses the numerical modelling of material failure in a strong discontinuity setting using a continuum format. Displacement discontinuities, like fractures, cracks, slip lines, etc., are modelled in a strong discontinuity approach, enriched by a transition from weak to strong discontinuities to get an appropriate representation of the fracture process zone. The introduction of the strong discontinuity kinematics automatically projects any standard dissipative constitutive model, equipped with strain softening, into a discrete traction–separation law that is fulfilled at the discontinuity interface. Numerical issues like a global discontinuity tracking algorithm via a heat conduction-like problem are also presented. Some representative numerical simulations illustrate the performance of the presented approac

Reduced finite element square techniques (RFE2): towards industrial multiscale fe software

Reduced order modeling techniques proposed by the authors are assessed for an industrial case study of a 3D reinforced composite laminate. Essentially, the main dominant strain micro-structural modes are obtained through standard reduced order modeling techniques applied over snapshots of a representative training strain space. Additionally, a reduced number of integration points is obtained by exactly integrating the main energy modes resulting from the training energy snapshots. The outcome consists of a number of dominant strain modes integrated over a remarkably reduced number of integration points which provide the support to evaluate the constitutive behavior of the micro-structural phases. Results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the multiscale analysis, tunability of the microscopic material parameters and speed up ratios comparing a high fidelity simulation and the multiscale reduced order model

Reduced finite element square techniques (RFE2): towards industrial multiscale fe software

Reduced order modeling techniques proposed by the authors are assessed for an industrial case study of a 3D reinforced composite laminate. Essentially, the main dominant strain micro-structural modes are obtained through standard reduced order modeling techniques applied over snapshots of a representative training strain space. Additionally, a reduced number of integration points is obtained by exactly integrating the main energy modes resulting from the training energy snapshots. The outcome consists of a number of dominant strain modes integrated over a remarkably reduced number of integration points which provide the support to evaluate the constitutive behavior of the micro-structural phases. Results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the multiscale analysis, tunability of the microscopic material parameters and speed up ratios comparing a high fidelity simulation and the multiscale reduced order model

Reduced finite element square techniques (RFE2): towards industrial multiscale fe software

Reduced order modeling techniques proposed by the authors are assessed for an industrial case study of a 3D reinforced composite laminate. Essentially, the main dominant strain micro-structural modes are obtained through standard reduced order modeling techniques applied over snapshots of a representative training strain space. Additionally, a reduced number of integration points is obtained by exactly integrating the main energy modes resulting from the training energy snapshots. The outcome consists of a number of dominant strain modes integrated over a remarkably reduced number of integration points which provide the support to evaluate the constitutive behavior of the micro-structural phases. Results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the multiscale analysis, tunability of the microscopic material parameters and speed up ratios comparing a high fidelity simulation and the multiscale reduced order model

Reduced finite element square techniques (RFE2): towards industrial multiscale fe software

Reduced order modeling techniques proposed by the authors are assessed for an industrial case study of a 3D reinforced composite laminate. Essentially, the main dominant strain micro-structural modes are obtained through standard reduced order modeling techniques applied over snapshots of a representative training strain space. Additionally, a reduced number of integration points is obtained by exactly integrating the main energy modes resulting from the training energy snapshots. The outcome consists of a number of dominant strain modes integrated over a remarkably reduced number of integration points which provide the support to evaluate the constitutive behavior of the micro-structural phases. Results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the multiscale analysis, tunability of the microscopic material parameters and speed up ratios comparing a high fidelity simulation and the multiscale reduced order model

Reduced finite element square techniques (RFE2): towards industrial multiscale fe software

Reduced order modeling techniques proposed by the authors are assessed for an industrial case study of a 3D reinforced composite laminate. Essentially, the main dominant strain micro-structural modes are obtained through standard reduced order modeling techniques applied over snapshots of a representative training strain space. Additionally, a reduced number of integration points is obtained by exactly integrating the main energy modes resulting from the training energy snapshots. The outcome consists of a number of dominant strain modes integrated over a remarkably reduced number of integration points which provide the support to evaluate the constitutive behavior of the micro-structural phases. Results are discussed in terms of the consistency of the multiscale analysis, tunability of the microscopic material parameters and speed up ratios comparing a high fidelity simulation and the multiscale reduced order model

Theoretical and computational issues in modelling material failure in strong discontinuity scenarios

The paper deals with several aspects related to numerical modelling of material failure in strong discontinuity settings: (a) the onset and development of local material failure in terms of continuum constitutive models equipped with strain softening. Closed forms formulas for the solutions of the discontinuous material bifurcation problem are given for a class of those models; (b) finite elements with embedded discontinuities: nodal and elemental enrichments families are formulated in the continuum strong discontinuity approach (CSDA); (c) instability treatment: a discrete viscous perturbation method at the failure surfaces is presented as a way to substantially improve the robustness of the numerical simulation

How do intangible assets create economic value? : an application to banks

This paper examines the determinants of economic value and investment behavior of Spanish banks under the theory of investment for a multi-asset firm, focusing on three key issues: i) the distinction between immaterial and intangible assets and how each of them is related to the economic value of the firmii) the test of whether the accumulation of intangibles is a consequence of incurring adjustment costs or, on the contrary, intangibles are accumulated at no cost, and iii) how to account for market power in the valuation of the multi-assets firm. The empirical results quantify the contribution of material, immaterial (information technology and advertising) and intangible (organization capital) assets to economic value of Spanish banks, separated from the contribution of market power. We find that intangible assets build up from adjustment costs of investments in IT and rents from market power split evenly the economic value of the bank above the replacement cost of material and immaterial asset