Reserva en el sistema penal colombiano actual frente al derecho de información

Los derechos fundamentales del procesado o víctima de un proceso penal acusatorio, siempre deben ser protegidos por el Estado, la sociedad, y en especial, por los jueces y los medios de comunicación, ya que estos últimos desempeñan un papel importante al momento de realizarse el juicio. La libertad de información de los medios de comunicación, en tiempos actuales, constituye en el conglomerado social, una verdad, más que todo en asuntos penales y más aún si los conmueve por alguna razón, pese a que ellos no tienen el conocimiento sobre las reglas que operan dentro de un juicio, asumen una posición frente al caso particular, creyendo que la justicia debe declarar responsable o inocente al procesado, llegando a difundir o crear ambientes que lesionan derechos fundamentales de personas que hacen parte de un proceso, sin que haya un veredicto final.The fundamental rights of the accused or the victim of a criminal indictment, should always be protected by the state, society, and especially by the judges and the media, and that they play an important role in time of the trial. Freedom of information in the media, at times, is in the social structure, a truth, mostly in criminal matters and more if the moves for some reason, even though they have no knowledge of the rules operating within a trial, assume a position on the case, believing that justice must declare the accused innocent person or persons, reaching distribute or create environments that violate fundamental rights of people who are part of a process, without a final verdict

Badge Size Reflects Sperm Oxidative Status within Social Groups in the House Sparrow Passer domesticus

The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis proposes that male ornaments reflect male fertility. Male ornaments could honestly signal sperm quality due to the high susceptibility of sperm to free radicals on the one hand and the negative impact of oxidative stress on ornament elaboration on the other hand. Thus, only males with superior antioxidant defences could bear the cost of more elaborated sexual ornaments without suffering adverse fitness costs. Yet, in species where males experience differential access to fertile females, a trade-off emerges between investing into traits favouring mating opportunities (e.g. secondary sexual ornaments, social dominance, mate-guarding behaviours, etc.) or into traits favouring sperm competitive ability (e.g. sperm numbers and quality). When male sexual ornaments promote greater access to fertile females, a negative relationship can then be predicted between ornamentation and sperm quality. We tested the latter hypothesis and the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis in wild House Sparrows Passer domesticus by exploring the relationships between sperm quality, melanin-based ornamentation, and redox status in blood and sperm. We found no correlation between badge size and sperm swimming performance. However, we found that within a social group, large-badged males better protect their ejaculates from oxidative stress, and thus produce less oxidized ejaculates. Additionally, we found that badge size did not reflect social dominance, and thus the protection of the ejaculate is independent of males’ ability to monopolize resources. Our results suggest that badge size might reflect male investment into the antioxidant protection of their sperm relative to a given social environment, and thus females may accrue both direct and indirect benefits by mating with large-badged males producing less oxidized ejaculates

Influencia de adición de la fibra de polipropileno en las propiedades mecánicas del concreto para pavimento rígido de 280kg/cm² - Trujillo

La presente investigación realizada muestra la influencia al adicionar la fibra de polipropileno (FPP) en las propiedades mecánicas del concreto de 280 kg/cm2, el tipo de investigación es experimental, tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, en diferentes dosificaciones, dentro de las cuales está el patrón, patrón más el aditivo y los demás con adiciones de fibra de polipropileno (FPP) de 600g, 1000g, 1400g, 1800g y 2200g, de los cuales se realizaron los ensayos de la resistencia a la compresión, resistencia a la tracción y resistencia al impacto. Se realizaron un total de 189 probetas de las cuales fueron en tiempo de curado de 7, 14 y 28 días, 3 muestras por cada uno, haciendo un total de 63 por cada ensayo, en el ensayo de la resistencia a la compresión se obtuvieron los resultados a 7, 14 y 28 días, alcanzando mayor resistencia en las adiciones de FPP de 600g, 1000g y 1400g, en cambio en las adiciones de FPP de 1800g y 2200g no fueron favorables porque su resistencia disminuyó, de la misma manera ocurrió en los ensayos de la resistencia a la tracción y resistencia al impacto, por lo cual concluimos que la adición recomendada de FPP es de 1400g porque es donde se alcanza su resistencia máxima en los 3 ensayos realizados

Recuperación de cobre en escorias mediante biolixiviación indirecta

En los procesos pirometalúrgicos, parte del cobre se pierde en la escoria que se genera como residuo del proceso, pudiendo estar presente en ella, en concentraciones muy superiores a las de muchas menas. El cobre se encuentra formando parte de pequeñas partículas de mata, metal blanco y blister, ocluidas en fase de fayalita. En este trabajo se haprobado la viabilidad técnica del proceso BRISA, que está basado en la biolixiviación indirecta, para el tratamientode este residuo. Se ha caracterizado una escoria con un 2 % en cobre, desde los planos químico, granulométrico y metalográfico. Este material se ha lixiviado con disoluciones de sulfato férrico en reactores agitados, estudiándose el efecto de diversas variables. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, e incluyendo un estudio económico, con resultados muy atractivos, se han seleccionado las mejores condiciones de operación y se ha diseñado la etapa de lixiviaciónpara una planta de 30 t/h de capacidad. En esta planta sería posible alcanzar extracciones de cobre superiores al 70 %con un tiempo de residencia de sólo 5 h. La etapa de biooxidación suministraría el férrico necesario pese a haberpresenteCu(II)en el circuitoenconcentraciones de hasta 30 g/l.The main source of copper loss from a smelter is copper in discard slag. Slag can contain Cu in concentrations very much higher than those of many ores. Cu is present in slag entrained in very small drops of matte, white metal and blister copper occluded in fayalitic phase. In this work, the technical viability of the BRISA process, that is based on the indirect bioleaching, for this residue has been proved. A sample of slag, containing 2 % of copper, has been chemical, granulometrical and metallographic characterized and it has been leached with ferric sulphate solutions in agitated reactors. The influence of several variables have been investigated. Once the best operating conditions had been selecting and an economic estimation had been done (with very really attractive results), the leaching stage has been designed for a plant of 30 tonnes per hour capacity. Cu extractions higher than 70% can be achieved with a residence time of only five hours. Despite of Cu(II) concentration in fed is as high as 30 g/l, biooxidation stage can supply Fe(III) demanded by ferric leaching stage

Operational pH in packed-bed reactors for ferrous ion bio-oxidation

The flooded packed-bed bioreactor plays a major role in the field of applications of ferrous ion bio-oxidation. The pH is an important variable in the control of this type of reactor, upon which the functionality of biofilm depends. In the present work, five continuous flooded packed-bed reactors have been inoculated with mixed cultures (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferooxidans) and fed with 9 k medium in the pH range 0.82 to 1.90. It has been experimentally tested that the operation of these reactors is stable at the maximum productivity levels when the pH varies within the interval 1.00 to 2.30 inside the reactor. It has been observed that the negative effect on the productivity when the upper pH limit is exceeded is reversible. No such reversibility occurs when the pH goes below the lower limit. The results of our experiments indicate that the limitations in operational pH are linked to the chemistry of precipitation ferric compounds and not to biological phenomena

An alternative approach to recover lead, silver and gold from black gossan (polymetallic ore). Study of biological oxidation and lead recovery stages

A novel procedure to recover lead, silver and gold from polymetallic sulphide ores, cleaner than the traditional hydrometallurgical route (hot brine leaching), is proposed. This process consists of a biooxidation stage, where sulphides are oxidised by the action of extremophiles, followed by an acid washing and a citrate leaching in which lead is recovered. The final solid obtained, mainly composed of quartz, is rich in silver and gold. This paper is focused on the biooxidation and the lead recovery of the black gossan, a polymetallic sulphide ore with valuable amounts of lead, silver and gold. Biooxidation performed with a mixed mesophilic culture (mainly Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) at 20% pulp density is able to dissolve the sulphide matrix, removing the gold refractory behaviour and producing jarosite, beaverite, gypsum and anglesite. A previous sulphuric acid washing of biooxidation residue greatly improves the lead recovery in the citrate stage. In the sulphuric acid washing, jarosite and beaverite are dissolved, being the most important variables the temperature and sulphuric acid concentration. The jarosite dissolution kinetics shows that the rate controlling step is the chemical reaction, with an activation energy of 86.4 kJ/mol. A linear relationship between the jarosite dissolved and lead recovered is found, reinforcing the necessity of a previous H2SO4 washing. The optimal pH range for lead recovery in the citrate solution is 5e9. Pulp densities higher than 5% produces an unstable solution, precipitating a part of the lead. A negative effect of gypsum has been confirmed through several citrate leaching tests performed with pure anglesite. The solid obtained after the studied stages is suitable to recover gold and silver that contains

Monitoring polythionate bio-oxidation by conductivity measurement

Polythionates are formed by the incomplete oxidation of sulphide minerals in the grinding and flotation circuits, and particularly of those containing pyrite. Polythionate levels in the recycling water must be adjusted; otherwise, it can affect metal recoveries. The presence of different species, such as thiosulphate, trithionate, and tetrathionate in certain effluents can affect the environment. In this paper, an indirect method based on conductivity measurement for monitoring polythionate bio-oxidation is proposed. Firstly, the conductivity of acidic solutions containing polythionates is verified as the sum of the conductivities corresponding to acid and tetrathionate and, therefore, in synthetic solutions, polythionate concentrations can be estimated by simply measuring conductivity. In process water and cultures with background conductivity, polythionate concentrations are predicted from the linear relationship between polythionate concentration and the total conductivity of the system. Once the slope of the linear relationship is known, polythionate concentrations can be estimated, and therefore it is necessary to perform only chemical analysis at the beginning and at an intermediate point. The degradation of polythionates can be continuously recorded, and hence the kinetic study of a culture can be more easily and accurately performed