Facing competing cultures of breastfeeding: The experience of HIV-positive women in Burkina Faso

15 p.In low-resource areas of West Africa where infant feeding patterns are dominated by prolonged breastfeeding, the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission requires new feeding practices: formula feeding or exclusive breastfeeding limited to six months followed by rapid weaning. Both patterns are innovations for the majority of women in all social categories at the local level. As innovations, these practices are applied only under certain conditions met by mothers; they also have social consequences. Two ethnographic studies conducted in 1998-2000 and in 2003-2007 explored women's perceptions about “good infant feeding” with implications for “good mothering,” and the social relationships that are involved in infant feeding management in a setting shaped by patrilinear organization. Women must rely on a range of strategies to face difficulties related to the lack of economic or social autonomy or support from the child's father, the risk of stigma, social norms regarding breastfeeding and contradictory discourses among health workers. HIV-positive mothers' experiences bring to light several key features of local infant feeding cultures, including the changes that occurred over the last ten years regarding the fathers' role, the impact of infant feeding conceptualization in biomedical institutions and the promotion of a model of infant care based on the dual mother-and-child relationship. These dimensions are considered in relation to general social trends in a West-African society regarding women's autonomy, the role of the couple in the household and the medicalization of infant feeding.En Afrique de l'ouest où les modèles d'alimentation du nourrisson sont dominés par l'allaitement maternel prolongé, la prévention de la transmission du VIH impose des pratiques inhabituelles : l'usage du lait artificiel ou un allaitement exclusif limité à six mois et suivi d'un sevrage rapide. Ces pratiques sont des « innovations » et ne peuvent être appliquées que sous certaines conditions par les mères ; elles ont aussi des effets sociaux. Deux études ethnographiques menées en 1998-2000 puis en 2003-2007 ont exploré les perceptions des femmes concernant les modalités d'alimentation du nourrisson acceptables, les conditions pour être considérée comme « une bonne mère » et les rapports sociaux impliqués dans l'allaitement en contexte patrilinéaire. Ces études montrent les contradictions auxquelles les femmes doivent faire face dans deux cultures locales de l'allaitement : celle qui engage le père de l'enfant et l'entourage, et celle construite dans les services de soins et les associations d'appui aux personnes vivant avec le VIH. L'expérience des mères séropositives met en lumière des éléments clé concernant les cultures locales de l'allaitement, qui incluent les changements survenus au cours des dix dernières années à propos du rôle des pères, de l'impact des conceptions de l'allaitement dans les institutions biomédicales et de la promotion d'un modèle de soin à l'enfant restreint à la relation mère-enfant. Ces dimensions sont situées dans des tendances évolutives plus générales dans les sociétés ouest-africaines concernant l'autonomie des femmes, le rôle du couple dans la famille élargie et la médicalisation de l'alimentation infantile

Inter- and intracontinental migrations and local differentiation have shaped the contemporary epidemiological landscape of canine parvovirus in South America

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus that causes one of the most significant infectious diseasesof dogs. Although the virus dispersed over long distances in the past, current populations are considered to be spatiallyconfined and with only a few instances of migration between specific localities. It is unclear whether these dynamicsoccur in South America where global studies have not been performed. The aim of this study is to analyze the patterns ofgenetic variability in South American CPV populations and explore their evolutionary relationships with global strains.Genomic sequences of sixty-three strains from South America and Europe were generated and analyzed using a phylodynamicapproach. All the obtained strains belong to the CPV-2a lineage and associate with global strains in four monophyleticgroups or clades. European and South American strains from all the countries here analyzed are representative of awidely distributed clade (Eur-I) that emerged in Southern Europe during 1990?98 to later spread to South America in theearly 2000s. The emergence and spread of the Eur-I clade were correlated with a significant rise in the CPV effective populationsize in Europe and South America. The Asia-I clade includes strains from Asia and Uruguay. This clade originated in Asia during the late 1980s and evolved locally before spreading to South America during 2009?10. The third clade (Eur-II)comprises strains from Italy, Brazil, and Ecuador. This clade appears in South America as a consequence of an early introductionfrom Italy to Ecuador in the middle 1980s and has experienced extensive local genetic differentiation. Some strainsfrom Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil constitute an exclusive South American clade (SA-I) that emerged in Argentina in the1990s. These results indicate that the current epidemiological scenario is a consequence of inter- and intracontinentalmigrations of strains with different geographic and temporal origins that set the conditions for competition and local differentiationof CPV populations. The coexistence and interaction of highly divergent strains are the main responsible for thedrastic epidemiological changes observed in South America in the last two decades. This highlights the threat of invasionfrom external sources and the importance of whole-genome resolution to robustly infer the origin and spread of new CPVvariants. From a taxonomic standpoint, the findings herein show that the classification system that uses a single aminoacid to identify variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) within the CPV-2a lineage does not reflect phylogenetic relationships and is not suitableto analyze CPV evolution. In this regard, the identification of clades or sublineages within circulating CPV strains is thefirst step towards a genetic and evolutionary classification of the virus.Fil: Grecco, Sofia. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Iraola, Gregorio. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Decaro, Nicola. Università degli Studi di Bari; ItaliaFil: Alfieri, Alice. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Alfieri, Amauri. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Gallo Calderon, Marina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein". Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. César Milstein"; ArgentinaFil: da Silva, Ana Paula. Universidade Estadual de Londrina; BrasilFil: Name, Daniela. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Aldaz, Jaime. Universidad Estatal de Bolivar; EcuadorFil: Calleros, Lucia. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Marandino, Ana. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Gonzalo, Tomas. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; Urugua

Avaliação da capacidade adjuvante do cloreto de dimetildioctadecilamônio associado ao hidróxido de alumínio na indução da resposta imune humoral de bovinos vacinados com o vírus da diarréia viral bovina

The humoral immune response of cattle vaccinated with inactivated bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) using the association of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride (DDA-chloride) and aluminum hydroxide (vaccine B) as adjuvant, was compared with the same antigenic formulation adsorbed with only aluminum hydroxide (vaccine A). The neutralizing antibodies titers were assessed two weeks after the second vaccine dose. The animals that received vaccine B had better humoral responses than the calves vaccinated with vaccine A. The mean titers of neutralizing antibodies, expressed in Log2, for the calves that received vaccine B was higher to those observed in group vaccinated with vaccine A. These results show that the inclusion of DDA chloride in vaccine formulations adsorbed with aluminum hydroxide determine a better humoral immune response in cattle vaccinated with BVDV inactivated.A resposta imunológica humoral de bovinos vacinados com o vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV) inativado, tendo como adjuvante o cloreto de dimetildioctadecilamônio (DDA cloreto) associado ao hidróxido de alumínio (vacina B), foi comparada com uma vacina contendo o mesmo antígeno adsorvido apenas com hidróxido de alumínio (vacina A). Duas semanas após a segunda dose foi avaliado o título de anticorpos neutralizantes dos animais que receberam as duas preparações de antígenos. Os animais que receberam a vacina B apresentaram melhor resposta imune humoral quando comparados com os animais vacinados com a vacina A. O título médio de anticorpos neutralizantes, expresso em Log2, dos animais que receberam a vacina B foi superior (P<0,05) ao observado no grupo vacinado com a vacina A. Esse resultado demonstra que, em bovinos vacinados com o BVDV inativado, a inclusão do DDA cloreto em formulações de vacinas adsorvidas com hidróxido de alumínio potencializa a resposta imune humoral

Phylogenetic position of an uncharacterized Brazilian strain of bovine papillomavirus in the genus Xipapillomavirus based on sequencing of the L1 open reading frame

The use of PCR assays with degenerate primers has suggested the existence of numerous as yet uncharacterized bovine papillomaviruses (BPV). Despite the endemic nature of BPV infections, the identification of BPV types in Brazilian cattle is still only sporadic. However, in a recent analysis of a partial segment of the L1 gene, we observed notable diversity among the BPV types detected. The aim of this study was to determine the phylogenetic position of the previously identified wild strain BPV/BR-UEL2 detected in the state of Paraná in Brazil. Since previous analysis of the partial L1 sequence had shown that this strain was most closely related to BPV type 4, genus-specific primers were designed. Phylogenetic analysis using complete L1 ORF sequences revealed that BPV/BR-UEL2 was related to BPV types classified in the genus Xipapillomavirus and shared the highest L1 nucleotide sequence similarity with BPV type 4 (78%). This finding suggests that BPV/BR-UEL2 should be classified as a potential new type of BPV in the genus Xipapillomavirus

Diagnóstico molecular de herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 em surto de febre catarral malígna em bovinos do Rio Grande do Norte

Molecular findings that confirmed the participation of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) in the lesions that were consistent with those observed in malignant catarrhal fever of cattle are described. Three mixed-breed cattle from Rio Grande do Norte state demonstrated clinical manifestations that included mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal opacity and motor incoordination. Routine necropsy examination demonstrated ulcerations and hemorrhage of the oral cavity, corneal opacity, and lymph node enlargement. Significant histopathological findings included widespread necrotizing vasculitis, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, lymphocytic interstitial nephritis and hepatitis, and thrombosis. PCR assay performed on DNA extracted from kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one animal amplified a product of 423 base pairs corresponding to a target sequence within the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) tegument protein gene. Direct sequencing of the PCR products, from extracted DNA of the kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one cow, amplified the partial nucleotide sequences (423 base pairs) of OVH-2 tegument protein gene. Blast analysis confirmed that these sequences have 98-100% identity with similar OVH-2 sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the deduced amino acid sequences, demonstrated that the strain of OVH-2 circulating in ruminants from the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte and Minas Gerais are similar to that identified in other geographical locations. These findings confirmed the active participation of OVH-2 in the classical manifestations of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever.Os achados moleculares confirmaram a participação do herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 (OVH-2) nas lesões observadas em um surto de febre catarral malígna em bovinos. Três bovinos oriundos de propriedade rural de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte apresentaram manifestações clínicas, que incluíram secreção nasal mucopurulenta, opacidade da córnea e incoordenação motora. A necropsia revelou ulcerações e hemorragias da cavidade oral, opacidade da córnea e linfonodomegalia. Os achados histopatológicos significativos incluíam vasculite necrosante generalizada, meningoencefalite não supurativa, nefrite intersticial linfocítica, hepatite linfocítica e trombose. A PCR, realizada a partir de DNA extraído do rim e do linfonodo mesentérico de um dos animais, amplificou um produto com 423 pares de base do gene da proteína do tegumento do herpesvírus ovino 2 (OVH-2). O sequenciamento direto dos produtos da PCR e a análise pelo Blast demonstraram que o produto amplificado apresentava 98-100% de identidade com sequências do OVH-2 depositadas no GenBank. As análises filogenéticas, baseadas nas sequências deduzidas de aminoácidos demonstraram que a cepa de OVH-2 circulando em ruminantes nos estados de Rio Grande do Norte e Minas Gerais são semelhantes àquelas identificadas em outras regiões geográficas. Esses achados confirmam a participação ativa de OVH-2 nas manifestações clássicas de febre catarral maligna em ovinos.National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazi

Whole body MRI with diffusion weighted imaging versus 18F‑fuorodeoxyglucose‑PET/CT in the staging of lymphomas

Purpose To assess the diagnostic performance of Whole Body (WB)-MRI in comparison with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT) in lymphoma staging and to assess whether quantitative metabolic parameters from 18F-FDG-PET/CT and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values are related. Materials and methods We prospectively enrolled patients with a histologically proven primary nodal lymphoma to undergo 18F-FDG-PET/CT and WB-MRI, both performed within 15 days one from the other, either before starting treatment (baseline) or during treatment (interim). Positive and negative predictive values of WB-MRI for the identification of nodal and extra-nodal disease were measured. The agreement between WB-MRI and 18F-FDG-PET/CT for the identification of lesions and staging was assessed through Cohen's coefficient k and observed agreement. Quantitative parameters of nodal lesions derived from 18F-FDG-PET/CT and WB-MRI (ADC) were measured and the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between them. The specified level of significance was p ≤ 0.05. Results Among the 91 identified patients, 8 refused to participate and 22 met exclusion criteria, thus images from 61 patients (37 men, mean age 30.7 years) were evaluated. The agreement between 18F-FDG-PET/CT and WB-MRI for the identification of nodal and extra-nodal lesions was 0.95 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.98) and 1.00 (95% CI NA), respectively; for staging it was 1.00 (95% CI NA). A strong negative correlation was found between ADCmean and SUVmean of nodal lesions in patients evaluated at baseline (Spearman coefficient rs = − 0.61, p = 0.001). Conclusion WB-MRI has a good diagnostic performance for staging of patients with lymphoma in comparison with 18F-FDG-PET/CT and is a promising technique for the quantitative assessment of disease burden in these patients