6 research outputs found

    Evaluation of the role of mast cells in parasitic infection

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    Mast cells (MCs) are important for controlling both bacterial and parasitic infections, including those caused by helminths. However, their role in combatting these infections is unclear. MCs have been shown to be essential for the successful expulsion of Trichinella spiralis worms and play a role in mounting the immune response towards a T helper 2 type. Intestinal infection with parasitic worms is associated with mastocytosis and the activation and release of specific mediators and cytokines. In this case, MCs play an essential role in the successful expulsion of gastrointestinal worms via their release of mediators that serve the central function of protecting a host from these parasites. Specifically, the functions of MCs in the expulsion of T. spiralis were investigated using MC deficient c-kit mutant KitW/W-v(W/W-v) models. However, in addition to MC deficiency, these mice have a number of other abnormalities, including anaemia and a lack of interstitial cells of Cajal. Hence, there is a need to identify a model of MC deficiency that is not associated with other abnormalities that could affect the interpretation of results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of MCs in the immune response of mice to a parasitic infection of T. spiralis. Immune responses were explored in two recently developed strains of MC-deficient mice, the c-kit model C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh (Wsh/Wsh) mice and an inducible mast cell-deficient model, Mas-TRECK, to determine the role of mast cells in protection against the parasite. These mice were infected with T. spiralis larvae, and the progression of the infection and the immune responses generated were examined via the enumeration of worms and the analysis of the associated intestinal pathology, cytokine production and antibody responses. The results obtained from mast cell deficient Wsh/Wsh mice with low-level infection resulted in a significant worm burden in these mice compared to wild-type mice that showed complete expulsion of the parasite. This suggests that the delay was potentially caused by dose dependent effect as a high dose did not show a significant delay in the expulsion of T. spiralis worms. In addition, the development of enteropathy and lengths of both villi and crypts were similar in both the lower and higher infection groups, in both wild-type and Wsh/Wsh mice.;The immune responses were similar in wild-type and Wsh/Wsh mice as assessed by antigen-specific IgG1 levels, the total IgE levels and IL-4 levels. Moreover, Wsh/Wsh mice in both levels of infection were able to induce a significant marked mastocytosis, but they did not have significantly lower levels of mMCP-1 compared to wild-type mice. The results obtained from Mas-TRECK mice models showed no statistically significant differences between these mice and wild-type mice in the expulsion of T. spiralis worms. The enteropathy in Mas-TRECK mice following infection with T.spiralis was not significantly improved. In addition, the infection of Mas-TRECK mice did not induce a change in IgG2a levels compared with BALB/c mice, and no significant differences were observed in IgE levels or IL-4 levels in Mas-TRECK mice, compared with wild-type. In addition, Mas-TRECK were able to induce mastocytosis and did not have significantly lower levels of mMCP-1 following infection with T. spiralis, although they are considered to be MC-deficient, which suggests that MMCs may not be completely depleted in these mice. Mast cell activation was assessed using IgE-dependent MC activation to evaluate the ability of helminth antigens to activate mast cells through an immunoglobulin independent mechanism. An in vitro culture of bone marrow-derived mast cells(BMMCs) and peritoneal mast cells (PCMCs) used. Although cultured human MCs require stem cell factor (SCF) for growth, the expansion and growth of mouse MCs from bone marrow progenitors in the absence of SCF can be maintained with IL-3. It was found that stimulated PCMCs with Trichinella spiralis antigen (T. Ag) alone could activate mast cells to release IL-4 in all strains of mice. Moreover, the activation of PCMCs could be observed in the presence and absence of IgE, andC57BL/6 mice showed the greatest response to the stimulation and activation of PCMCs. BMMCs stimulated with helminth antigens led to similar secretions of mediators to those observed in wild-type mice, and all four strains of mice tended to secrete similar levels of mMCP-1. Overall, the present study concludes that MCs are crucial for protection against and expulsion of T. spiralis. However, it is evident that Wsh/Wsh and Mas-TRECK MC deficient mice are not entirely deficient in mucosal MC. Further studies are required to evaluate the benefits of different MC-deficient strains of mice and, particularly, to determine whether other abnormalities could have potentially affected the results of the present study.Mast cells (MCs) are important for controlling both bacterial and parasitic infections, including those caused by helminths. However, their role in combatting these infections is unclear. MCs have been shown to be essential for the successful expulsion of Trichinella spiralis worms and play a role in mounting the immune response towards a T helper 2 type. Intestinal infection with parasitic worms is associated with mastocytosis and the activation and release of specific mediators and cytokines. In this case, MCs play an essential role in the successful expulsion of gastrointestinal worms via their release of mediators that serve the central function of protecting a host from these parasites. Specifically, the functions of MCs in the expulsion of T. spiralis were investigated using MC deficient c-kit mutant KitW/W-v(W/W-v) models. However, in addition to MC deficiency, these mice have a number of other abnormalities, including anaemia and a lack of interstitial cells of Cajal. Hence, there is a need to identify a model of MC deficiency that is not associated with other abnormalities that could affect the interpretation of results. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of MCs in the immune response of mice to a parasitic infection of T. spiralis. Immune responses were explored in two recently developed strains of MC-deficient mice, the c-kit model C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh (Wsh/Wsh) mice and an inducible mast cell-deficient model, Mas-TRECK, to determine the role of mast cells in protection against the parasite. These mice were infected with T. spiralis larvae, and the progression of the infection and the immune responses generated were examined via the enumeration of worms and the analysis of the associated intestinal pathology, cytokine production and antibody responses. The results obtained from mast cell deficient Wsh/Wsh mice with low-level infection resulted in a significant worm burden in these mice compared to wild-type mice that showed complete expulsion of the parasite. This suggests that the delay was potentially caused by dose dependent effect as a high dose did not show a significant delay in the expulsion of T. spiralis worms. In addition, the development of enteropathy and lengths of both villi and crypts were similar in both the lower and higher infection groups, in both wild-type and Wsh/Wsh mice.;The immune responses were similar in wild-type and Wsh/Wsh mice as assessed by antigen-specific IgG1 levels, the total IgE levels and IL-4 levels. Moreover, Wsh/Wsh mice in both levels of infection were able to induce a significant marked mastocytosis, but they did not have significantly lower levels of mMCP-1 compared to wild-type mice. The results obtained from Mas-TRECK mice models showed no statistically significant differences between these mice and wild-type mice in the expulsion of T. spiralis worms. The enteropathy in Mas-TRECK mice following infection with T.spiralis was not significantly improved. In addition, the infection of Mas-TRECK mice did not induce a change in IgG2a levels compared with BALB/c mice, and no significant differences were observed in IgE levels or IL-4 levels in Mas-TRECK mice, compared with wild-type. In addition, Mas-TRECK were able to induce mastocytosis and did not have significantly lower levels of mMCP-1 following infection with T. spiralis, although they are considered to be MC-deficient, which suggests that MMCs may not be completely depleted in these mice. Mast cell activation was assessed using IgE-dependent MC activation to evaluate the ability of helminth antigens to activate mast cells through an immunoglobulin independent mechanism. An in vitro culture of bone marrow-derived mast cells(BMMCs) and peritoneal mast cells (PCMCs) used. Although cultured human MCs require stem cell factor (SCF) for growth, the expansion and growth of mouse MCs from bone marrow progenitors in the absence of SCF can be maintained with IL-3. It was found that stimulated PCMCs with Trichinella spiralis antigen (T. Ag) alone could activate mast cells to release IL-4 in all strains of mice. Moreover, the activation of PCMCs could be observed in the presence and absence of IgE, andC57BL/6 mice showed the greatest response to the stimulation and activation of PCMCs. BMMCs stimulated with helminth antigens led to similar secretions of mediators to those observed in wild-type mice, and all four strains of mice tended to secrete similar levels of mMCP-1. Overall, the present study concludes that MCs are crucial for protection against and expulsion of T. spiralis. However, it is evident that Wsh/Wsh and Mas-TRECK MC deficient mice are not entirely deficient in mucosal MC. Further studies are required to evaluate the benefits of different MC-deficient strains of mice and, particularly, to determine whether other abnormalities could have potentially affected the results of the present study

    Etika Bimbingan dan Konseling dalam Pendekatan Filsafat Ilmu

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    ETHICS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE APPROACH. In philosophy view, ethic was a valueable and evaluation about a good and bad things in the human self. Ethic is also call moral philosophy as a apart of axiology in science philosophy. In every science has an axiology that purpose of utilization for prosperity of a human life. Guidance and counseling is a science full of values, that because of it’s a multidicipliner science. This based of four field guidance which of personal, learning, social and career. This field has make a counselor must understand and proficiency with sociology, antrophology, psychology, and eduation science. That will lead a counseling as multidicipliner science has a full of values to covering the process of counseling practice. However the axiology of counseling make little complex to discuss in philosophy foundation, also in psychology, sociology, antrophology and education. In this article will describe and discuss an ethics in counseling as a multidicipliner science in the view point of philosophy, psychology, and education. Also an ethics in counseling profession as applicative science

    Etika Bimbingan dan Konseling dalam Pendekatan Filsafat Ilmu

    Get PDF
    ETHICS OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE APPROACH. In philosophy view, ethic was a valueable and evaluation about a good and bad things in the human self. Ethic is also call moral philosophy as a apart of axiology in science philosophy. In every science has an axiology that purpose of utilization for prosperity of a human life. Guidance and counseling is a science full of values, that because of it’s a multidicipliner science. This based of four field guidance which of personal, learning, social and career. This field has make a counselor must understand and proficiency with sociology, antrophology, psychology, and eduation science. That will lead a counseling as multidicipliner science has a full of values to covering the process of counseling practice. However the axiology of counseling make little complex to discuss in philosophy foundation, also in psychology, sociology, antrophology and education. In this article will describe and discuss an ethics in counseling as a multidicipliner science in the view point of philosophy, psychology, and education. Also an ethics in counseling profession as applicative science

    Pendekatan Tazkiyatun An-Nafs untuk membantu mengurangi emosi negatif klien

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    Emosi merupakan kondisi psikologis yang bersumber dari dua faktor dalam hidup manusia, yaitu adanya faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal merupakan aspek bawaan dan genetik, yang mana tidak bisa dipisahkan dari bagaimana individu berperilaku dan merespon, akan tetapi bisa di bentuk dan dikendalikan. Serta faktor eksternal merupakan pengaruh lingkungan yang mempengaruhi persepsi subjektif dan komunikasi sosial individu. Kondisi ini merupakan dinamika manusia dalam hidupnya akan tetapi juga bisa menjadi bencana dalam hidup sosial, banyak masalah yang muncul dari manusia yang tidak bisa mengatur emosi mereka dalam berperilaku emosi ini dikenal dengan emosi negatif dalam islam disebut dengan nafsu lawammah dan amarrah. Banyak teknik konseling yang telah dilakukan untuk membantu klien dalam membantu klien mengatur meosi negatifnya tapi teknik tersebut hanya menyentuh permukaan dari kesadaran individu itu saja tetapi tidak menyentuh transendennya diri klien seperti akhlak dan pemikiran yang mendalam akan diri klien. Seperti yang disampaikan oleh Assagioli dengan psikologi transpersonalnya bahwa pikiran dan keinginan diri merupakan diri yang transenden. Begitu juga Al Ghazali mengatakan dalam Tazkiyatun An-Nafs akhlak merupakan pikiran dan hati yang mendalam untuk membantu membentuk emosi positif dan melepaskan yang negatif. Dalam artikel ini akan didiskusikan secara lebih mendalam mengenai emosi, dan aspeknya serta bagaimana tazkiyatun an-nafs bisa disintesiskan sebagai pendekatan konseling untuk membantu melepaskan emosi negatif klien serta artikel ini merupakan pengembangan dari artikel sebelumnya di tahun 2017. Emotion was a psychological condition that came from two factor in human life, internal and external factor. Internal factor was a gift and genetic aspect, that can not be seperated from how an individual to behave and react, but can be shape and control and external factor was an environment influence that affect a subjective perception and social communication of individual. This condition can be a human dynamica in their life but also can be a disaster in social life, there are many problem came from how individual can not control or manage their emotion to behave in their life, this emotion call a negative emotion, in islam call such nafsun lawammah and amarrah. Many technique has been done to help the client in manage of their negative emotion, but that technique only touch on a surface of client’s counscioussness but not a trancendence of their self such an akhlak and deepest mind. Like told by Assagioli in transpersonal psychology that mind and will was a trancendence of self and al ghazali with tazkiyatun an-nafs approach told that akhlak was an deepest mind and heart to shape a positive emotion and release a negative emotion. In this article will discuss for further about emotion and their aspect and also how tazkiyatun an-nafs approach can be a synthesis to help release a negative emotion of client, this article was expanded from article in 2017 before

    Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids against the Emerging Opportunistic Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

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    Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the causative agent of severe chronic pulmonary diseases and is accountable for post-traumatic wound infections, lymphadenitis, endometritis, cutaneous, eye infections and disseminated diseases. These infections are extremely challenging to treat due to multidrug resistance, which encompasses the classical and existing antituberculosis agents. Hence, current studies are aimed to appraise the antimycobacterial activity of flavonoids against NTM, their capacity to synergize with pharmacological agents and their ability to block virulence. Flavonoids have potential antimycobacterial effects at minor quantities by themselves or in synergistic combinations. A cocktail of flavonoids used with existing antimycobacterial agents is a strategy to lessen side effects. The present review focuses on recent studies on naturally occurring flavonoids and their antimycobacterial effects, underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects in a cocktail with traditional agents

    Prediction of protein aggregation on key proteins involved in ischemic stroke

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    Stroke is a genetic condition comprising multiple subtypes and arising from both genic and other multi factors. Genetic basis of stroke is well established through several studies. Advances in integrating sequencing methods and Genome-wide association studies have shown that genetics of stroke is manifested in several genic disorders. Many of the neurodegenerative disorders show aggravated protein aggregation through amyloid formation. Through the protein aggregation prediction, we observed a higher protein disorder in 46 stroke-associated proteins. Also, we observed a large number of aggregation residues distributed as a pattern in multiple regions of these candidate proteins. Overall, we present a study showing that there is a possible interrelationship between protein aggregation and stroke
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